Considering the important role of Individual Differences (IDs) factors in variations in the ultimate success of learners learning second language (L2, this study investigated Indonesian college students’ two ID components, self-perceived communication competence (SPCC) and their communication apprehension (CA), in English as L2. Several rationales become the basis of the present study. Despite the importance of learners’ SPCC in L2 learning as suggested by several empirical studies outside Indonesia, there have not been any specific study investigating learners’ SPCC in the Indonesian context despite the country being the home of one of the largest number of L2 speakers of English in the world. As a seminal study in the context, the study using quantitative methods enables generalisation which could pave a way for further studies in the field in the Indonesian context. A total of 276 non-English major college students participated in the study in a survey using probability random sampling. Using descriptive statistics in SPSS 21, the study found that learners had medium level of SPCC and medium level of CA. Through correlation formula, the study also found that there was moderate significant association between learners’ SPCC and their CA. Through regression analysis, it was found that their SPCC could predict 23% of variance in their CA. The findings urge teachers to provide as many learning opportunities as possible in enjoyable learning environment to increase learners’ perception of their capability, in turn boosting their confidence to speak in English. Based on the findings and several limitations of the study, several suggestions of future studies are presented.

Self-Perceived Communication Competence; Communication Apprehension; Individual Differences; second language learning

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43970'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43970 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43971'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43971 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Andreou, E., Vlachos, F., & Andreou, G. (2006). Approaches to studying among Greek university students: The impact of gender, age, academic discipline and handedness. Educational Research, 48(3), 301–311.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43972'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43972 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2003). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 65–96.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43973'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43973 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bakx, A. W. E. A., Sanden, J. M. M. V. D., Sijtsma, K., Croon, M. A., & Vermetten, M. (2019). The role of students’ personality characteristics, self-perceived competence and learning conceptions in the acquisition and development of social communicative competence: A longitudinal study. Higher Education, 51(1), 71–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0734-004-6377-6

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43974'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43974 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 77–79.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43975'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43975 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., Tellis, G., & Gabel, R. (2001). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 26, 161–178.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43976'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43976 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (Fourth Edi). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43977'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43977 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (Fourth Edi). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43978'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43978 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Cao, Y. (2011). Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language classrooms from an ecological perspective. System, 39(4), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.10.016

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43979'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43979 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Clement, R., Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2003). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The effects of context, norms, and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22, 190–209.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43980'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43980 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Denies, K., Yashima, T., & Janssen, R. (2015). Classroom versus societal willingness to communicate: Investigating French as a second language in Flanders. The Modern Language Journal, 99(4), 718–739. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12276

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43981'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43981 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Dewaele, J., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of willingness to communicate in the FL classroom. Journal of European Second Language Association, X(X), 1–14.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43982'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43982 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Dilbeck, K. E., McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, L. L. (2010). Self-perceived communication competence in the Thai culture. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 38(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750903381598

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43983'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43983 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self-perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090409360006

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43984'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43984 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Dornyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43985'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43985 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Dwyer, K. K., & Fus, D. A. (2002). Perceptions of communication competence, selfâ€efficacy, and trait communication apprehension: Is there an impact on basic course success ? Communication Research Reports, 19(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090209384829

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43986'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43986 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Fahim, M., & Tabatabaeian, M. S. (2013). Self-perceived communication competence: Is it related to foreign language anxiety and willingness to communicate. Journal of American Science, 9(2), 35–39.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43987'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43987 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ferla, J., Valcke, M., & Schuyten, G. (2019). Judgments of self-perceived academic competence and their differential impact on students’ achievement motivation, learning approach, and academic performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 25(4), 519–536.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43988'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43988 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Fushino, K. (2019). Causal relationships between communication confidence, beliefs about group work, and willingness to communicate in foreign languge group work. TESOL Quarterly, 44(4), 700–724.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43989'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43989 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Grant, S. (2018). Effects of intensive EFL immersion programmes on willingness to communicate. The Language Learning Journal, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2017.1422274

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43990'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43990 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Gray, D. E. (2014). Doing research in the real world (3rd Editio). London: Sage Publications, Ltd.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43991'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43991 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Gusman, J. (2004). Differentiated instruction and the English language learner. Port Chester, NY: National Professional Resources.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43992'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43992 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43993'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43993 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists. London: Sage Publications.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43994'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43994 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Jamshidnejad, A. (2010). The construction of oral problems in an EFL context: An innovative approach. Studies in Litarature and Language, 1(6), 8–22.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43995'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43995 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Joe, H. K., Hiver, P., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2017). Classroom social climate, self-determined motivation, willingness to communicate, and achievement: A study of structural relationships in instructed second language settings. Learning and Individual Differences, 53(2017), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.11.005

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43996'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43996 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Kachru, Y., & Nelson, C. L. (2006). World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43997'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43997 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 33, 277–292.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43998'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43998 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Kitano, K. (2001). Anxiety in the college Japanese language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 85, 549–566.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '43999'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 43999 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

MacIntyre, P. D., Clement, R., Dornyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44000'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44000 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

MacIntyre, P. D., & Legatto, J. J. (2011). A dynamic system approach to willingness to communicate: developing an idiodynamic method to capture rapidly changing affect. Applied Linguistics, 32, 149–171.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44001'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44001 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

MacIntyre, P. D., & MacDonald, J. R. (2009). Public speaking anxiety: Perceived competence and audience congeniality. Communication Education, 47(4), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529809379142

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44002'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44002 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Marwan, A. (2008). The exploration of factors triggering foreign language anxiety: learners’ voice. TEFLIN Journal, 19(2), 119–126.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44003'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44003 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Matsuoka, R., Matsumoto, K., Poole, G., & Matsuoka, M. (2014). Japanese university students ’ willingness to communicate in English : The serendipitous effect of oral presentations. Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 18(1), 193–218.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44004'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44004 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

McCroskey, J. C., Fayer, J. M., & Richmond, V. P. (1985). Don’t speak to me in English: Communication apprehension in Puerto Rico. Communication Quarterly, 33(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378509369597

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44005'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44005 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

McCroskey, J. C., & McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5(2), 108–111.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44006'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44006 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Muamaroh, M., & Prihartanti, N. (2013). Willingness to communicate in English: a case study of Indonesian university students. Kajian Linguistik Dan Sastra, 25(1), 71–81.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44007'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44007 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44008'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44008 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Peng, J. E., & Woodrow, L. J. (2010). Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language Learning, 60, 834–876.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44009'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44009 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Shahbaz, M., Khan, M. S., Khan, R. R. M. I., & Ghulam, M. (2016). Role of self-perceived communication competence and communication apprehension for willingness to communicate in L1 and L2. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 6(1), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p158

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44010'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44010 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Subekti, A. S. (2018a). An exploration of foreign language anxiety in the Indonesian university context: Learners’ and teachers’ voices. TEFLIN Journal, 29(2), 219–244.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44011'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44011 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Subekti, A. S. (2018b). Investigating the relationship between foreign language anxiety and oral performance of non-English major university students in Indonesia. Dinamika Ilmu, 18(1), 15–35.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44012'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44012 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Subekti, A. S. (2019a). Situational willingness to communicate in English: Voices from Indonesian non-English major university students. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (IJELTAL), 3(2), 373–390.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44013'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44013 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Subekti, A. S. (2019b). Willingness to communicate in English of non-English major university students in Indonesia. Lingua Cultura, 13(1), 55–66.

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM citation_settings WHERE citation_id = '44014'  

---

---

(mysql): SELECT * FROM metadata_descriptions WHERE assoc_type = 1048579 AND assoc_id = 44014 ORDER BY metadata_description_id DESC  

---

Walliman, N. (2011). Research methods: The basics. New York: Routledge.

Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 54–66.