Numeraktif: development of a numeracy activity book based on democratic parenting for elementary school students

Irfan Wahyu Prananto, Deswara Varen Ramadhani, Riyan Hidayat

Abstract


Numeracy skills are a foundational component of primary education; however, national assessments indicate that Indonesian students' numeracy proficiency remains suboptimal. One often-overlooked factor in the development of numeracy learning materials is the role of parenting styles—particularly democratic parenting—which supports children’s autonomy and active participation in the learning process. This study aims to develop a numeracy activity book titled Numeraktif, grounded in the principles of democratic parenting, to enhance numeracy learning among primary school pupils. The research adopts a Research and Development (R&D) methodology, utilizing a simplified version of the Borg and Gall model, encompassing seven stages: preliminary study, planning, product draft development, expert validation, revision, limited trials, and final revision. Content and media experts conducted the validation process, while practicality and effectiveness were assessed through trials involving students, teachers, and parents. The validation results demonstrated a high level of feasibility, with an average score of 4.6. The practicality test yielded a score of 4.3, indicating the material’s usability and engagement value. Furthermore, the effectiveness test revealed a mastery level of 90%, underscoring the product's significant impact on improving students' numeracy skills. These results affirm that the Numeraktif activity book is both pedagogically sound and responsive to learners' psychosocial needs, presenting a promising and innovative approach to numeracy education in Indonesian primary schools.

Keywords


student activity book; numeracy; democratic parenting

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aminulloh, R., Jupri, A., & Juandi, D. (2021). Students’ Self-Regulated Learning During Online Learning In Vocational High School Bandung. (JIML) JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE MATHEMATICS LEARNING, 4(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.22460/jiml.v4i1.p41-48

Anggraini, K. E., & Setianingsih, R. (2022). Analisis Kemampuan Numerasi Siswa SMA dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum (AKM). MATHEdunesa, 11(3), 837–849.

https://doi.org/10.26740/mathedunesa.v11n3.p837-849

Anggreni, N. K. S., & Dibia, I. K. (2022). Learning Motivation and Parenting Styles of Parents and Their Relationship to Social Studies Learning Outcomes for Elementary School Students. Journal of Psychology and Instruction, 5(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpai.v5i2.49855

Barbieri, C. A., Rodrigues, J., Dyson, N., & Jordan, N. C. (2020). Improving fraction understanding in sixth graders with mathematics difficulties: Effects of a number line approach combined with cognitive learning strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 628–648. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000384

Chinn, S. (2020). The Trouble with Maths. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003017714

Cintya, P. (2025). Cognitive Development of Elementary School Children Based on Parenting Patterns. Edumaniora: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 4(01), 24–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54209/edumaniora.v4i01.86

Deda, Y. N., Disnawati, H., & Daniel, O. (2023). How Important of Students’ Literacy and Numeracy Skills in Facing 21st-Century Challenges: A Systematic Literature Review. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Review, 6(3), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijerr.v6i3.62206

Dewi, R. A., Juandi, D., & Turmudi, T. (2025). Analysis of Deep Learning Approach in Grade 8 Mathematics Textbook on Statistics. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 15(2), 1098–1111. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v15i2.pp1098-1111

Díez-Palomar, J., Ramis-Salas, M., Močnik, I., Simonič, M., & Hoogland, K. (2023). Challenges for numeracy awareness in the 21st century: making visible the invisible. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1295781

Fitrianto, Moh. S. R., Hakim, Z. A., & Marwing, A. (2025). The impact of democratic, permissive and authoritarian parenting styles on adolescent self-confidence: Evidence from senior high school students in Indonesia. Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science, 4(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.47679/njbss.202577

Gal, I., Grotlüschen, A., Tout, D., & Kaiser, G. (2020). Numeracy, adult education, and vulnerable adults: a critical view of a neglected field. ZDM, 52(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01155-9

Gumilar, S., & Ismail, A. (2023). The representation of laboratory activities in Indonesian physics textbooks: a content analysis. Research in Science & Technological Education, 41(2), 614–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2021.1928045

Hoogland, K. (2023). The changing nature of basic skills in numeracy. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1293754

Hunaepi, H., & Suharta, I. G. P. (2024). Transforming Education in Indonesia: The Impact and Challenges of the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum. Path of Science, 10(6), 5026–5039. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.105-31

Iswara, H. S., Ahmadi, F., & Ary, D. Da. (2022). Numeracy Literacy Skills of Elementary School Students through Ethnomathematics-Based Problem Solving. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(2), 1604–1616. https://doi.org/10.55324/iss.v2i2.316

Jannati, A. A., Sutama, S., Setyaningsih, N., & Adnan, M. (2025). Critical Thinking Improvement through Numeracy Literacy: Insights from Senior High School Practices. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v7i2.8669

Kamaruddin, I., Waroka, L. A., Palyanti, M., Indriyani, L. T., Priakusuma, A., & Utama, F. (2023). The Influence of Parenting Patterns on Learning Motivation of High School Students. Attractive: Innovative Education Journal, 5(2), 171–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51278/aj.v5i2.678

Laila, ST. N. F., Mufarokah, A., Anwar, H. S., & Mudhofar, A. (2025). Curriculum Changes in Indonesia: Implementation and its Challenges in Religious Institutions. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 3(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.70376/jerp.v3i1.266

Laksmi, J. N. A., Mawardi, M., & Wasitohadi, W. (2024). Development of peer tutoring-based training to improve elementary school teacher competence in making merdeka curriculum lesson plans. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 11(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.30659/pendas.11.2.265-283

Mardia, A., Zulkardi, & Putri, R. I. I. (2024). Systematic literature review: Realistic mathematic education fraction materi. 020051. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0201123

Mayangsari, Rr. H., Kristianingsih, S. A., & Adiyanti, M. G. (2024b). Learning Motivation and Mothers’ Democratic Parenting Style on Learning Behaviours. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.51214/002024061216000

Naila, F. A., Nugroho, A. A., & Kholifah, P. N. (2024). Analisis Kemampuan Literasi Membaca dalam Soal Asesmen Nasional pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Ainara Journal (Jurnal Penelitian Dan PKM Bidang Ilmu Pendidikan), 5(4), 539–543. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54371/ainj.v5i4.660

Nityasanti, N., Laila, A., Saida, A., Baharudin, B., & Yasin, M. H. M. (2025). 21st Century Learning: A Research Analysis of Numeracy Literacy Trends among Students. IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 6(1), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v6i1.726

Nofrizal, N., Nirwana, H., & Alizamar, A. (2020). The Contribution of Parents Attention to Student Achievement Motivation. Journal of Educational and Learning Studies, 3(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32698/0982

Novitasari, M., Narimo, S., Fajri, D. N., & Raisia, A. (2022). Critical Thinking Skills Through Literacy and Numeration Oriented Mathematics Student Worksheet. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5775–5784. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3173

Obilor, E. I., & Miwari, G. U. (2022). Content validity in educational assessment. International Journal of Innovative Education Research, 10(2), 57–69.

OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en

Oktaliana, U., Roesminingsih, M. V., & Suhanadji, S. (2021). Parenting style in building learning motivation in children: A case study in migrant workers’ families in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Studies in Social Sciences (IJESSS), 1(3), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.53402/ijesss.v1i3.22

Prananto, I. W., Purnomo, Y. W., & Firdaus, F. M. (2023). The Numeracy Competency Profile of Elementary School Teachers in Ponjong District, Gunungkidul Regency Viewed from Demographic Factors. ELEMENTARY: Islamic Teacher Journal, 10(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.21043/elementary.v10i2.17143

Prananto, I. W., Rakhmawati, Y., & Pamungkas, T. (2022). Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Content Validity Index (CVI) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in Mathematics Learning Independence Instruments. Kontinu: Jurnal Penelitian Didaktik Matematika, 6(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.30659/kontinu.6.2.116-132

Ramadhan, M. H., Zulkardi, Z., & Putri, R. I. I. (2022). Designing Learning Trajectory for Teaching Fractions Using PMRI Approach with a Chessboard Context. SJME (Supremum Journal of Mathematics Education), 6(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.35706/sjme.v6i2.5866

Rochmat, S., Rokhman, M. N., Widiyanto, D., & Murdiyastomo, A. (2022). The Role of Universities on Improving Literacy, Numeracy, and Character Education at Schools. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Education Research, and Innovation (ICERI 2021) (pp. 488–497). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-67-1_55

Santoso, E., Elfrianto, E., & Siregar, A. N. (2024). Efektivitas Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Literasi Dan Numerasi Abad 21 di UPTD SPF SDN Ujung Limus Aceh Singkil. EduTech: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 10(1), 192–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30596/edutech.v10i1.19322

Singh, S., & Agarwal, S. (2024). Empowering Individuals for a Sustainable Tomorrow: Role of Life Skills Development. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2024/35800

Sucahyo, E., Ningtyas, R. K., & Fithriyah, N. (2025). Developing kurikulum merdeka textbooks to teaching critical thinking skills for elementary school students. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 12(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.30659/pendas.12.1.52-68

Sumarno, W. K., Shodikin, A., Solikha, N. I., Pratama, N. K., & Valensiana, B. F. (2022). Integrative teaching material with project-based learning approach to improve elementary school students’ bilingual literacy and numeracy skills. International Journal of Elementary Education, 6(4), 600–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v6i4.52392

Tout, D. (2020). Evolution of adult numeracy from quantitative literacy to numeracy: Lessons learned from international assessments. International Review of Education, 66(2–3), 183–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09831-4

Wolf, K., Tajchman, Z., & Vilares, I. (2024). Relation between parenting style and confident decision-making in a student population. PLOS ONE, 19(11), e0302495. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302495

Yustitia, V., Kusmaharti, D., & Wardani, I. S. (2025). Students’ critical thinking in numeracy problem-solving through moderate self-Efficacy: A mixed-methods study. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(8), 2025410. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025410

Abidin, Z., Hindriana, A. F., & Arip, A. G. (2023). Pedagogic content knowledge (PCK) in teacher competence development. Community Empowerment, 8(12), 1952–1958. https://doi.org/10.31603/ce.9058

Amelia, U. (2023). Tantangan pembelajaran era society 5.0 dalam perspektif manajemen pendidikan. Al-Marsus: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.30983/al-marsus.v1i1.6415

Darling-Hammond, L., & Hyler, M. E. (2020). Preparing educators for the time of COVID… and beyond. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 457–465. I: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1816961

Dedi, M. (2022). Peran Pgri Di Era Digital: Peluang Dan Tantangan. Sosioedukasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Sosial, 11(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.36526/sosioedukasi.v11i1.1892

Gunadi, G., & Sumarni, D. (2023). Menilai Kompetensi Pedagogik dan Profesionalisme Guru: Studi Kasus di SD Cisarua. Jurnal Pengajaran Sekolah Dasar, 2(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.56855/jpsd.v2i1.257

Hajri, M. F. (2023). Pendidikan Islam di era digital: Tantangan dan peluang pada abad 21. Al-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584), 4(1), 33–41.https://doi.org/10.37680/almikraj.v4i1.3006

Hakim, D. R., Rahmiwati, A., & Flora, R. (2025). Menjelajahi Dinamika Pangan di Era Perubahan Iklim Terhadap Dampak di Indonesia dan Proyeksi Masa Depan: A Systematic Review. Ranah Research: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(3), 1703–1720. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i3.1411

Hidayati, N. (2023). Pengaruh Prestasi Coaching, Konseling, dan Mentoring Terhadap Kinerja Guru Penggerak Angkatan II di Kabupaten Kebumen. Media Manajemen Pendidikan, 6(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v3i4.780

Ilyas, I. M. (2023). Transformasi Pengembangan Kapasitas Guru: Dari Cascade Model ke Pelatihan Berbasis Sekolah di Kota Ambon. Populis: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 16(1), 126–146. https://doi.org/10.30598/populis.18.1.126-146

Masduki, M. P., Ekawati, E., & Wahyuni, I. (2021). Hubungan Antara Karakteristik Demografi Pekerja, Beban Kerja Mental, Dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Burnout Pada Staff Administrasi Fkm Undip. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(6), 784–792. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkm.v9i6.31435

Musfira, R. S., Karlina, N., & Susanti, E. (2022). Pengaruh pelatihan kompetensi tenaga pendidik pendidikan inklusif terhadap kinerja guru dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan inklusif di SMPN 30 Bandung. JANE-Jurnal Administrasi Negara, 13(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.24198/jane.v13i2.28703

Nugraheni, T. V. T., & Jailani, J. (2020). Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (PKB) dalam kaitannya dengan kompetensi dan praktik pembelajaran guru matematika SMA. Pythagoras: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 15(1), 48–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/pg.v15i1.34601

Qulsum, D. U., & Hermanto, H. (2022). Peran guru penggerak dalam penguatan profil pelajar Pancasila sebagai ketahanan pendidikan karakter abad 21. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 28(3), 315–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkn.71741

Sari, A. N., & Sunarya, Y. (2023). Peran guru penggerak dalam implementasi kurikulum merdeka pada jenjang SMA di Kota Depok. Diskursus: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, 6(2), 229–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/diskursus.v6i2.17931

Sinaga, D. M. (2023). Pendekatan Transformative Learning Jack Mezirow Dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen Terhadap Kelompok Lanjut Usia Pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling (JPDK), 5(1), 2926–2935. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v5i1.11432

Subroto, D. E., Supriandi, S., Wirawan, R., & Rukmana, A. Y. (2023). Implementasi teknologi dalam pembelajaran di era digital: Tantangan dan peluang bagi dunia pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan West Science, 1(07), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.58812/jpdws.v1i07.542

Swastika, A. I., & Utami, I. W. P. (2025). Penerapan scaffolding pada Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) kelas X DKV-2 di SMK terhadap mata pelajaran sejarah. Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism, 3(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.17977/um084v3i12025p68-76

Tanaamah, A. R., Wijaya, A. F., & Maylinda, S. A. (2021). Tata Kelola Teknologi Informasi Pada Sektor Publik: Penyelarasan Teknologi Informasi Dengan Visi Kepemimpinan. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Ilmu Komputer (JTIIK), 8(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.2021865379

Tripambudi, S., & Suparno, B. A. (2022). Model Komunikasi Pembelajaran Online Multidimensi Bagi Anak Sekolah Dasar di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 20(3), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.31315/jik.v20i3.8049

Yusuf, Y. (2024). Pendidikan yang Memerdekakan: Persepektif Freire dan Ki Hajar Dewantara. Peradaban Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Research, 2(2), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.59001/pjier.v2i2.187




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/pendas.12.2.389-413

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar is published by Elementary School Teacher Education (PGSD), Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP), Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, in collaboration with Asosiasi Doktor Pendidikan Dasar Indonesia.

Contact us: FKIP Unissula Jl. Raya Kaligawe Km.4 Terboyo Kulon, Genuk, Semarang 50112. Email: jurnalpendas@unissula.ac.id