Implementation of Policy for Islamic State Vocational School: A Legal Perspective on Challenges and Development

Fesal Musad, Mansyur Achmad, Rizari Rizari

Abstract


This research focuses on the implementation of policy for organizing Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan Negeri (MAKN) under the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, particularly at MAKN 02 in Ende from 2021 to 2024. The main goals of this study were to analyze the implementation of policy for organizing MAKN, identify obstacles in policy implementation, and develop a policy implementation model that can help improve vocational education delivery in the future. This study used a qualitative descriptive field approach, employing a single instrumental case study. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews and non-participant observation, while secondary data were taken from documents and regulations. The study applied Edwards III’s framework, focusing on dimensions of communication, resources, implementer attitude, and bureaucratic structure, and was enriched by adding policy feasibility to produce a more applicable policy implementation model. The results show that policy implementation at MAKN in Ende has not yet been fully effective due to limited resources, policy inconsistency, and a weak bureaucratic structure. The policy implementation model, which comprises policy feasibility, communication, resources, bureaucracy, and implementer loyalty, aims to help stakeholders implement vocational education policy more efficiently and effectively.

Keywords


Policy Implementation; Vocational Education; Policy Model; Policy Implementation; Islamic Schools

Full Text:

PDF

References


Books:

Agustino, Leo., Dasar-dasar Kebijakan Publik, Bandung, Alfabeta, 2008, page.75;

Ali, Faried, and Syamsu Alam., Studi kebijakan pemerintah, Bandung, Refika Aditama, 2012, page.228;

Arikunto, Suharsimi., Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktek, Jakarta, Rineka Cipta, 2010, page.136;

Beach, Dale Stuart., Personnel: The management of people at work, New York, Macmillan College, 1970, page.334;

Beetham, David., Democracy and Human Rights, UK, Polity Press, 1987, page.76.

Dunn, William N., Public Policy Analysisi, An Integrated Appproach, New York, Routledge, 2018, page.114;

Edwards, George C., Implementing public policy, Washington DC, Congressional Quarterly Press, 1980, page.332;

Grindle, Merilee S., Politic and Policy Implementation in the Third World, New Jersey, Princeston University Press, 1980, page.41;

Haddad, Wadi D., and Terri Demsky., Education policy-planning process: an applied framework. 1995, page.31;

Hadjon, Philipus M., Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press, 1993, page.56;

Hamdi, Muchlis., Kebijakan Publik: Proses, Analisis, dan Partisipasi, Jakarta, Ghalia Indonesia, 2014, page.45;

Hamdi, Muchlis., Bunga Rampai Pemerintahan, Jakarta, Yarsif Watampone, 2002, page.77;

Hoogerwerf, A., Ilmu Pemerintahan, Jakarta, Erlangga, 1983, page.334;

Ismail, H.M., Politisasi Birokrasi, Malang, Ash-Shiddiqy Press, 2009, page. 332;

Koswara, Ekom., Otonomi Daerah: untuk demokrasi dan kemandirian rakyat, Jakarta, Sembrani Aksara Nusantara, 2001, page.56;

Kumorotomo, Wahyudi., Etika administrasi negara, Jakarta, Rajawali Pers, 2018, page.245;

Lasswell, Harold D., Power and personality, London, Routledge, 2017, page.158;

Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman., Analisis Data Kualitatif, Jakarta: UI Press, 2009, page.47;

Muhaimin., Paradigma Pendidikan Islam, Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002, page.41;

Prasojo, Eko., Reformasi kedua: melanjutkan estafet reformasi, Jakarta, Penerbit Salemba, 2009, page.23;

Riggs, Fred W., Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1964, page.99;

Robbins, Stephen P., and Mary Coulter., Manajemen, Jakarta, Erlangga, 2016, page.108;

Severin, Warner J., and James W. Tankard., Teori Komunikasi: Sejarah, Metode, dan Terapan di Dalam Media Massa, Jakarta, Prenada Media Group, 2008, page. 161;

Simatupang, Togar M., Pemodelan Sistem, Klaten, Penerbit Klanida, 1995, page.89;

Sudira, Putu., Filosofi dan Teori Pendidikan Vokasi dan Kejuruan, Yogyakarta, UNY Press, 2012, page.99;

Sujianto, S., Implementasi Kebijakan Publik Konsep, Teori dan Praktik, Pekanbaru, Alaf Riau, 2008, page.3;

Sulastri, Taridala, and Anwar Rosihan., Transformasi edukasi: Mengoptimalkan kinerja guru dan kualitas layanan melalui program merdeka belajar, Bandung, Feniks Muda Sejahtera, 2023, page.34;

Taridala, Sulastri, and Rosihan Anwar., Transformasi Edukasi: Mengoptimalisasi Kinerja Guru dan Kualitas Layanan Melalui Program Merdeka Belajar, Bandung, Feniks Muda Sejahtera, 2023, page.122;

Van Meter, Donald, dan Carl Vanhorn., The Policy Implementation Process, A Conceptual Framework, Columbus, Ohio, Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, 1975, page.82;

Wahab, Solichin Abdul., Analisis Kebijaksanaan: Dari Formulasi ke Implementasi Kebijaksanaan Negara, Jakarta, Bumi Aksara, 2004, page.299.

Widodo, Joko., Analisis Kebijakan Publik, Malang, Banyu Media Publishing, 2010, page. 238;

Winarno, Budi., Kebijakan Publik, Teori, Proses dan Studi Kasus, Yogyakarta, CAPS, 2014, page. 232;

Journals:

Alfarizi, Muhammad, Kurnia Sari, and Rini., Alokasi Anggaran Pendidikan Menuju Visi SDGs di Indonesia: Wawasan Literatur Perbandingan Terhadap Negara ASEAN, Jurnal Budget: Isu dan Masalah Keuangan Negara, Vol.9, no.1, 2024;

Ananiah., Problema Lembaga Pendidikan Madrasah dan Strategi Pengembangannya, Dinamika Ilmu Jurnal Kependidikan, Vol.6, no.2, 2006;

Asfiati, Akhiril Pane, Fithri Choirunnisa, and Martin Kustati., Implementation of policies, strategies, Islamic religious education learning programs with curriculum integration during the covid 19 pandemic period at State Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) Indonesian scholar, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol.2805, no.1, 2023; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166441;

Ekasari, Wynne Inayah, Taufiqulloh Taufiqulloh, Prihatin, and Yoga., Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di Kelas V SD, Journal of Education Research, Vol.5, no.3, 2024, https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v5i3.1453;

Hadiyanto, Nahdi, Muhammad Muhsin, and Endang Soetari., Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Madrasah Terhadap Pengelolaan Pembelajaran untuk Mewujudkan Mutu Lulusan, Khazanah Akademia, Vol.7, no.01, 2023;

Hartanto, Cahya Fajar Budi, Rusdarti Rusdarti, and Abdurrahman Abdurrahman., Tantangan Pendidikan Vokasi di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 dalam Menyiapkan Sumber Daya Manusia yang Unggul, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana, Vol.2, no.1, 2019;

Ikhwan, Afiful., Akreditasi Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Dalam Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional, EDUKASI: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam (e-Journal), Vol.2, no.2, 2014;

Ilham, Dodi, Luki Karunia, Sirajuddin Saleh, and Joko Tri Brata., Peran Pemerintah dalam Mendorong Kualitas Pelayanan Pendidikan di Indonesia, Jurnal Pallangga Praja (JPP), Vol.5, no.2, 2023, https://doi.org/10.61076/jpp.v5i2.3736;

Indrawati, Leni, Faris Shafrullah, Hyronimus Rowa, Bahrullah Akbar, Khasan Effendy, Sampara Lukman, Layla Kurniawati, Sedarmayanti Sedarmayanti, and Rachmat Gunawan., Implementation of Education Operational Costs for Good Governance in DKI Jakarta, Journal of Positive School Psychology, Vol.6, no.2, 2022;

Iqbal, Muhammad, M. Hangga Reksa BR Sirait, Dara Mayang Sari, Echa Putri Khairani, and Mai Syaroh Harahap., Pengamatan Kebijakan Pendidikan pada Madrasah di Indonesia, Journal on Education, Vol.5, no.3, 2023;

Irianto, Drajad., Industry 4.0; the challenges of tomorrow, Seminar Nasional Teknik Industri, Batu-Malang, Vol.6, no.1, 2017;

Ismail, Ismail, Sumarmi Sumarmi, and Muchammad Eka Mahmud., Kebijakan Pemerintah Pada Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Insan Cendekia (MAN IC), Damhil Education Journal, Vol.3, no.1, 2023;

Janssen, Marijn, and Haiko Van der Voort., Agile and Adaptive Governance in Crisis Response: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic, International Journal of Information Management, Vol.55, no.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102180;

Kaufmann, Daniel., Human rights and governance: The empirical challenge, Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement Conference, Vol.7, no.5, 2004;

Kennedy, O. Oji., Philosophical and sociological overview of vocational technical education in Nigeria, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.6, no.1, 2011.

Komara, Endang., Penguatan pendidikan karakter dan pembelajaran abad 21, Sipatahoenan, Vol.4, no.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.2121/sip.v4i1.991;

Maskur, Muhammad., Eksistensi dan Esensi Pendidikan Madrasah di Indonesia, Terampil: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Dasar, Vol.4, no.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.24042/terampil.v4i1.1807;

Masnuah, Syafira, Nyayu Khodijah, and Ermis Suryana., Analisis kebijakan pendidikan islam dalam undang-undang no. 20 tahun 2003 (sisdiknas), MODELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, Vol.9, no.1, 2022;

Masruroh, Zumrotul., Manajemen pendidikan keterampilan (vocational skill) di man kembangsawit, Muslim Heritage, Vol.1, no.2, 2016, https://doi.org/1015408/mh.v1i2.607;

Mastiyah, Iyoh Mastiyah, and Elis Lisyawati., Model Penyelenggaraan Program Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Insan Cendekia (MAN IC) Pekalongan Jawa Tengah, EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan, Vol.20, no.1, 2022, https://doi.org/1015408/edukasi.v20i1.23456;

Maulidayani, Maulidayani, Candra Wijaya, and Asnil Aida Ritonga., Implementasi Kebijakan Pengembangan Kurikulum di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Model Medan, Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol.12, no.1, 2023, https://doi.org/1030868/ei.v12i01.4571;

Nurhayati, Nurhayati, M. Nasir, Abdul Mukti, A. Safri, Lias Hasibuan, and Kasful Anwar., Manajemen pembiayaan pendidikan dalam meningkatkan mutu lembaga pendidikan Islam, Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, Vol.3, no.2, 2022, https://doi.org/1038035/jmpis.v3i2.1123;

Nurriqi, Afida., Karakteristik Pendidikan Agama Islam Di Madrasah Prespektif Kebijakan Pendidikan, 2021.

Nuryadi, Ida, Dahyar Daraba, Sampara Lukman, and Eko Budi Santoso., Implementation of Slum Management Policies in Realizing Sustainable Development, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), Vol.4, no.4, 2021;

Prasetyo, Aji., Peran Pendidikan Kejuruan dalam Menghadapi Era Industri 4.0, Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif, Vol.3, no.1, 2019;

Ramadhani, Lusi, Firman Firman, Neviyarni Suhaili, and Muhammad Asyraf Bin Che Amat., Implementing the Guidance and Counseling Program at State Madrasah Aliyah in the Society 5.0 Era, Indonesian Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol.5, no.2, 2023;

Sabil, Andi Mahrisal, Firdaus Firdaus, and Burhanuddin Burhanuddin., Implementasi Keputusan Menteri Agama Nomor 184 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pedoman Implementasi Kurikulum Pada Madrasah Dalam Mewujudkan Mutu Pendidikan, Jurnal Al-Ilmi Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Islam, Vol.3, no.02, 2023, https://doi.org/1047435/al-ilmi.v3i02.1865;

Safitri, Nita Andriani, and Rina Marlina., Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan, Madrasa, Vol.2, no.1, 2019;

Salamah, Hana Niswatus, Amirudin Amirudin, and Achmad Junaedi Sitika., Strategi Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Islam di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, JPG: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru, Vol.3, no.2, 2022;

Scott, James C., The infrapolitics of subordinate groups, The global resistance reader, Vol.5, no.2, 2005;

Sudarma, Unang., Pendidikan karakter dalam mewujudkan sumber daya manusia berdaya saing menuju Indonesia Emas 2045, Sharia: Jurnal Kajian Islam, Vol.1, no.1, 2022, https://doi.org/1054203/sharia.v1i1.4;

Suhana, Suhana, Endang Soetari Ad, and Ijudin Ijudin., Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Rencana Kegiatan Dan Anggaran Madrasah Terhadap Manajemen Anggaran Kegiatan Madrasah Untuk Mewujudkan Efektifitas Penggunaan Anggaran Madrasah (Studi Di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Garut), Khazanah Akademia, Vol.7, no.1, 2023, https://doi.org/1054203/khazanah.v7i1.126;

Surbakti, Ramlan., Berbagai Aspek Kebijakan Otonomi Daerah, Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, Vol.43, no.1, 2013;

Syafri, Ulil Amri, Bairanti Asriandhini, Abas Mansur Tamam, Abdul Hayyie AlKattani, Hilda Rifkawaty, Rizcka Fatya Rahayu, and Achmad Fawwas Gibran., Analisis SWOT Madrasah Aliyah dalam Meningkatkan Lulusan di Tingkat Nasional Menyambut Peradaban Unggul Tahun 2045, Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol.12, no.1, 2023, https://doi.org/1032832/tadibuna.v12i1.8846;

Van Meter, Donald S., and Carl E. Van Horn., The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework, Administration & Society, Vol.6, no.4, 1975, https://doi.org/101177/009539977500600404;

Vernanda, Rengga., Kesiapan indonesia menuju agile governance, Konferensi Nasional Ilmu Administrasi, Vol.3, no.1, 2019;

Widhi, Nugroho., Pendidikan Vokasi Madrasah Aliyah Sebagai Upaya Menciptakan SDM Unggul Dan Siap Kerja, SKULA: Jurnal Pendidikan Profesi Guru Madrasah, Vol.2, no.3, 2022;

Thesis:

Diniyati, Nurul., Pengelolaan Program Vokasional Pada Madrasah Berwawasan Pendidikan Keterampilan (Studi Kasus di MAN Magelang), PhD diss., Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 2019;

Ilham, Muh. Manajemen Strategi Pengembangan Dan Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Institusi Pemerintah Dalam Negeri: Studi Kasus di IPDN Jawa Barat. PhD diss., Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, 2007;

Website:

Adi, Yohanes. Terpecahkan, Alasan Anak STM Suka Tawuran Dengan Pelajar Sekolah Lain. paragram.id. https://paragram.id/berita/terpecahkan-alasan-anak-stm-suka-tawuran-dengan-pelajar-sekolah-lain-30324. Accessed April 10, 2024;

Ghani, Hakim. Tawuran Dekat Markas Brimob, 2 Kelompok Pelajar STM Garut Diamankan. news.detik.com. https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-5869198/tawuran-dekat-markas-brimob-2-kelompok-pelajar-stm-garut-diamankan. Accessed April 11, 2024;

Kemdikbud. Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Jadi Pintu Masuk Pembenahan Pendidikan Nasional. kemdikbud.go.id. https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2017/07/penguatan-pendidikan-karakter-jadi-pintu-masuk-pembenahan-pendidikan-nasional. Accessed April 18, 2024;

Mubarok, Machmud. Tawuran Pelajar di Sumedang Antara SMK Korpri dan SMK PGRI 2, Satu Orang Kehilangan Nyawa. priangan.tribunnews.com. https://priangan.tribunnews.com/2023/03/10/tawuran-pelajar-di-sumedang-antara-smk-korpri-dan-smk-pgri-2-satu-orang-kehilangan-nyawa. Accessed April 10, 2024;

Pahlevi, Reza. Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka Lulusan SMK Paling Tinggi. databoks.katadata.co.id. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/11/06/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-lulusan-smk-paling-tinggi. Accessed April 10, 2024.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.41.2.434-460

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Hukum Indexed by :

google_scholar onesearch garuda crosref onesearch sinta sinta scopus
Jurnal Hukum
   
Faculty of Law, UnissulaCopyright of Jurnal Hukum
Jalan Kaligawe Raya KM.4, Terboyo Kulon, Genuk,ISSN 1412-2723 ( Print )e-ISSN 2723-6668 ( Online )
Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 50112