Implementation of Partnership Principles in Standard Agreements and Legal Protection of Pt. Maxim Indonesia's Driver Partners in East Kalimantan

Kadiyo Kadiyo

Abstract


This research is motivated by the change of the modern work system into an application-based economy (gig economy), which turns out to cause legal problems in the partnership agreement between PT. Maxim and online motorcycle taxi drivers in East Kalimantan. The imbalance of bargaining positions in this agreement makes drivers lose their freedom fairly, even though this equality is required by Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning MSMEs. The purpose of this study is to find out, review and analyze the implementation of the partnership principle in the standard agreement between PT. Maxim Indonesia and drivers in East Kalimantan, to find out, review and analyze the clauses in the standard agreement between PT. Maxim Indonesia and online motorcycle taxi drivers in East Kalimantan whether they have fulfilled the principles of partnership, and to find out, review and analyze the legal protection of drivers with PT. Maxim Indonesia as a result of the imbalance in the standard partnership agreement in East Kalimantan. The research method used is an empirical juridical legal method with analytical descriptive specifications. The data used are primary and secondary data, including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Primary data collection methods include observation and interviews, and secondary data collection through document studies and literature studies. Data analysis methods use qualitative analysis methods. The results of the research and discussion obtained that the implementation of the partnership principle in the standard agreement of PT. Maxim Indonesia with drivers in East Kalimantan has distorted the principle of freedom of contract because the absolute agreement mechanism (take it or leave it) gives rise to abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden) which reduces the driver's position to a pseudo partnership (bogus self-employment); the clauses in the standard agreement between PT. Maxim Indonesia and online motorcycle taxi drivers in East Kalimantan have fulfilled the principles of partnership but it turns out that it has not been proven, the agreement actually failed to fulfill the mandate of Law Number 20 of 2008 by violating the principle of mutual benefit through the dominance of exoneration clauses, annulling equality due to absolute control of the algorithm, and violating the principle of mutual trust due to the non-transparency of fares (black box algorithm); and legal protection of drivers with PT. Maxim Indonesia as a result of the imbalance in the standard partnership agreement in East Kalimantan is still very weak, asymmetrical, and reactive, which is characterized by the failure of preventive protection due to the absence of verification of the substance (ex-ante) of the contract by state authorities, as well as the deadlock of repressive protection, so that it is urgently needed to intervene in the standardization of the Master Agreement by a Notary and regulatory recognition for dependent contractors.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Journals:

Adillah, S. U., & Purnawan, A. (2020). Analysis of the Fulfillment of Labor Social Security as a Work of Legal Protection. Journal of Morality and Legal Culture, 1(1), 32-37.

Badrulzaman, M. D. (1980). Perjanjian baku (standard contract): Perkembangannya di Indonesia, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Budiawati, S. (2019). Prinsip pacta sunt servanda dan daya mengikatnya dalam kontrak bisnis perspektif transendens. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

Dewi, A. A. I. A. (2018). Wanprestasi dan akibat hukumnya dalam perjanjian kemitraan. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana, 7(1), 45-47.

Disemadi, H. S., & Prananingtyas, P. (2020). Kebijakan hukum perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli online di Indonesia. Jurnal IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 27(1), 12.

Muhtarom, M. (2014). Asas-asas hukum perjanjian: Suatu landasan dalam pembuatan kontrak. Suhuf Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Agama Islam UMS, 26(1), 48-56.

Setiono. (2004). Rule of law (supremasi hukum). Universitas Sebelas Maret.

Setyaningsih, E., Ismawan, E., & Hidayat, T. (2021). Analisa tingkat kepuasan pelanggan transportasi online Maxim di Balikpapan. Jurnal Fisika dan Terapannya (JFT), 8(1), 28.

Shekhawat, V., & Khare, P. (2025). Legal protections for gig workers: A comparative socio-legal study of Indonesia and India. The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 5(1).

Suharnoko. (2012). Keabsahan perjanjian dan akibat hukumnya. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 34(1), 23.

Books:

Adjie, H. (2008). Hukum notaris Indonesia: Tafsir tematik terhadap UU jabatan notaris. Bandung: Refika Aditama.

Antonio, M. S. (2001). Bank syariah: Dari teori ke praktik. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.

Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Ascarya. (2017). Akad dan produk bank syariah: Konsep dan praktek di beberapa negara. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

az-Zuhaili, W. (2011). Fiqih Islam wa adillatuhu (Jilid 5) (A. H. al-Kattani, dkk., Terj.). Jakarta: Gema Insani.

Badrulzaman, M. D. (1994). Aneka hukum bisnis. Bandung: Alumni.

Badrulzaman, M. D. (2001). Kompilasi hukum perikatan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.

Budiono, H. (2010). Ajaran umum hukum perjanjian dan penerapannya di bidang kenotariatan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.

Djuwaini, D. (2010). Pengantar fiqh muamalah. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Fajar ND, M., & Achmad, Y. (2010). Dualisme penelitian hukum normatif & empiris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Fuady, M. (2005). Pengantar hukum bisnis: Menata bisnis modern di era global. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.

Hadjon, P. M. (1987). Perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat di Indonesia. Surabaya: Bina Ilmu.

Hadjon, P. M. (2011). Pengantar hukum administrasi Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Hernoko, A. Y. (2010). Hukum perjanjian: Asas proporsionalitas dalam kontrak komersial. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.

HS, S. (2008). Hukum kontrak: Teori dan teknik penyusunan kontrak. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Ibrahim, J. (2006). Teori dan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing.

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021). World employment and social outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work. Jenewa: International Labour Office.

Khairandy, R. (2004). Itikad baik dalam kebebasan berkontrak. Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.

Makarim, E. (2013). Notaris dan transaksi elektronik: Kajian hukum tentang cybernotary atau electronic notary. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian hukum (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.

Mertokusumo, S. (2010). Mengenal hukum: Suatu pengantar. Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Miru, A., & Yodo, S. (2007). Hukum perlindungan konsumen. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.

Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif (Edisi Revisi). Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Muhadjir, N. (1998). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin.

Mulhadi. (2010). Hukum perusahaan: Bentuk-bentuk bahan usaha di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Radbruch, G. (2002). Menguak tabir hukum (A. Ali, Terj.). Jakarta: Gunung Agung.

Rahardjo, S. (2000). Ilmu hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.

Sjahdeini, S. R. (1993). Kebebasan berkontrak dan perlindungan yang seimbang bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank di Indonesia. Jakarta: Institut Bankir Indonesia / Pustaka Utama Grafiti.

Soekanto, S. (2012). Pokok-pokok sosiologi hukum. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2011). Penelitian hukum normatif: Suatu tinjauan singkat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Subekti, R. (2010). Hukum perjanjian (Cetakan ke-23). Jakarta: Intermasa.

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sulistyowati. (2010). Aspek hukum dan realitas bisnis perusahaan grup di Indonesia. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Sutedi, A. (2012). Hukum kemitraan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Usman, R. (2019). Hukum usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.

Widjaja, G. (2003). Seri hukum bisnis: Kemitraan. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.

Widjaja, G. (2014). Perikatan dari perjanjian. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Regulation:

Republic of Indonesia. (1945). The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

Republic of Indonesia. (1847). Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek).

Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower.

Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.

Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises.

Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation.

Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number PM 118 of 2018 concerning the Operation of Special Rental Transportation.

Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia. (2006). Regulation of the Minister of Manpower Number Per-24/MEN/IV/2006 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of the Manpower Social Security Program for Workers Outside of Employment Relationships (TK-LHK).

Governor of East Kalimantan. (2025). Governor's Decree Number 100.3.3.1/K.281/2025 concerning the Determination of Special Rental Transportation Tariffs in East Kalimantan Province.

National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). (2000). Fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN-MUI) Number: 08/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 concerning Musharakah Financing.

Internet:

Fundrika, B. A., & Hutasuhut, Y. A. A. (2025, Februari 19). Di balik tuntutan THR: Mengapa hubungan kemitraan pengemudi ojol bermasalah?. Suara.com. https://liks.suara.com/read/2025/02/19/081658/di-balik-tuntutan-thr-mengapa-hubungan-kemitraan-pengemudi-ojol-bermasalah

Kompas.com. (2025, August 20). Ratusan driver Maxim demo di depan Kantor Gubernur Kaltim, tuntut pembukaan layanan ini. Kompas.com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/08/20/115821378/ratusan-driver-maxim-demo-di-depan-kantor-gubernur-kaltim-tuntut-pembukaan

Maxim. (t.t.). Perjanjian lisensi. Diakses pada 26 Juli 2026, dari https://legal.taximaxim.com/license-agreement/?country=ID&intl=id-ID

Oktavira, B. A. (2025, May 30). 4 syarat sah perjanjian dan akibatnya jika tak terpenuhi. Hukumonline. https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/4-syarat-sah-perjanjian-dan-akibatnya-jika-tak-dipenuhi-cl4141/

Redaksi Niaga Asia. (2025, August 14). Dilema driver Maxim, aturan SK Gubernur Kaltim justru bikin seret orderan. Niaga Asia. https://niaga.asia/dilema-driver-maxim-aturan-sk-gubernur-kaltim

Trimurti. (2023, December 7). Terapkan security system aplikasi yang adil dan beri jaminan pendapatan pengemudi Maxim Sukabumi. Trimurti.ID. https://trimurti.id/kabar-perlawanan/terapkan-security-system-aplikasi-yang-adil-dan-beri-jaminan-pendapatan-pengemudi-maxim-sukabumi/

Wibowo, A. (2026, January 22). Menanti Perpres ride-hailing yang berkeadilan. The PRAKARSA. https://theprakarsa.org/menanti-perpres-ride-hailing-yang-berkeadilan/

Interview:

Interview with Members of the Driver Partner Community (United East Kalimantan Partner Alliance). Processed by Researchers, 2026.

Interview with Authorized Officials of the East Kalimantan Provincial Transportation Agency. Processed by Researchers, 2026.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.