Transparency and Reform of Music Royalty Distribution in Indonesia, Australia, and the United States
Abstract
The protection of economic rights for songwriters and musicians in Indonesia is regulated under Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright and Government Regulation No. 56 of 2021 on royalty management. However, implementation through the National Collective Management Institution (LMKN) still suffers from weak transparency, accountability, and data integration. This study analyzes the transparency of Indonesia’s royalty distribution system, compares it with practices in Australia and the United States, and proposes reform strategies. Using a normative legal research method with statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this research examines primary legal sources, academic works, and institutional reports. The findings reveal Indonesia lacks an integrated database, detailed audits, and independent supervision, causing legal uncertainty and eroding creators’ trust. By contrast, Australia’s APRA AMCOS and the U.S. system through ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, and the Mechanical Licensing Collective (MLC) offer greater transparency via digital monitoring, open annual reports, and strict regulatory oversight. These mechanisms enable creators to trace royalty flows and secure fair compensation. The study concludes that Indonesia requires comprehensive reform through digitalization, a national database, transparent reporting, and stronger independent monitoring to achieve a fair and accountable royalty distribution system.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Journals:
Annisa Putri Nadya. (2023). Kekuatan Lembaga Manajemen Kolektif Nasional Dalam Penarikan Royalti. Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik, 1(4), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.51903/jaksa.v1i4.1410
Farida, D. N., & Hasanah, U. (2025). Perlindungan Hukum Pemerintah Nomor 56 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu di Warung Kopi Kota Bengkulu. 3407–3416.
Khifni, M., Widiarty, W. S., & Butarbutar, S. (2025). Kepastian Hukum dalam Penegakan Keadilan Perpajakan atas Sengketa Transfer Pricing pada Pengadilan Pajak. Jurnal Sosial Teknologi, 5(4), 1019–1039. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i4.32068
Kramp, T. J. (2023). Rage Against the Machine: Why the Music Modernization Act Is But the First Step in Musicians’ Battle To Reclaim the Value of Their Works. Boston College Law Review, 64(1), 219–251.
Meyn, J., Kandziora, M., Albers, S., & Clement, M. (2023). Consequences of platforms’ remuneration models for digital content: initial evidence and a research agenda for streaming services. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00875-6
Morrow, G. (2025). Australia’s performing rights organisation: Incentives, the agency problem and MetaGen. International Communication Gazette, 87(4 Special Issue: Copyright, the Music Business, and the Evolution of Performing Rights Organizations), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485251327468
Mukhasibi, M. A., & Widodo, S. (2025). Analisis Prinsip Ownership Hak Cipta Terhadap Karya Hasil Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif. Jurnal Serambi Hukum, 18(02), 297–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59582/sh.v18i02.1337
Nurjanah, T., & Azizah, S. (2025). Problematika Sistem Royalti di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Agnez Mo dan Implikasi bagi Perlindungan Hak Cipta. Nexus Yuridis, 01, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21456/vol10iss1pp1-9
Prima Tiara Muthi’ah Rizky Asihatka. (2024). Lisensi Royalti Penggunaan Hak Cipta Lagu untuk Kepentingan yang Bersifat Komersial. Borneo Law Review, 8(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35334/bolrev.v8i2.6197
Rahmani, I. (2022). Pelaksanaan Hak dan Kewajiban Warga Negara Indonesia di Dalam Bidang Pendidikan Tinjauan Dari Pasal 31 Undang-undang Dasar Tahun 1945. Pamulang Law Review, 5(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.32493/palrev.v5i1.23611
Reed, C. S. (2019). The Unrealized Promise of the Next Great Copyright Act. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788975957
Books:
Hawin;, M., & Riswandi, B. A. (2020). Isu-Isu Penting Hak Kekayaan Intelektual. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Hutauruk, M. J. (2022). Lisensi & Royalti Lagu atau Musik di Tempat Publik.pdf. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Junaedi, R. A. (2025). Pengantar Produksi Media (S. Alhusaini (ed.); I). PT Mafy Media Literasi Indonesia.
Mahaly, S., Misnawati, D., Farahdiansari, A. P., Ernawati, T., Hasnah, F., Adriaman, M., & Lestari, A. (2024). Menulis Karya Ilmiah (S. I. Megah (ed.)). CV. Gita Lentera.
Margono. (2019). Asas keadilan, kemanfaatan, dan kepastian hukum dalam putusan hakim (p. 161 halaman). Sinar Grafika offset.
Naldo, R. A. C., Tarigan, H. J., & Damanik, H. R. (2021). Kepastian Hukum Prioritas Pemberdayaan Usaha Mikro dan Kecil Pada Kegiatan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah Daerah. Enam Media.
Raihana. (2023). Prinsip Keadilan dan HAM dalam Pembatasan Hak Cipta di Ruang Publik (A. Khanafi & A. Y. Wati (eds.)). Deepublish Digital.
Internet:
Alfitra Akbar. (2025). Royalti Musik Kacau, LMKN-LMK Dapat Desakan Transformasi. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/kisruh-royalti-musik-dan-desakan-transformasi-lmkn-dan-lmk-hfS7
Fathurrozak. (2025). BPKN Dorong LMKN Transparan Besaran Tarif Royalti dan Dasar Penetapannya. Mediaindonesia.Com. https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/800710/bpkn-dorong-lmkn-transparan-besaran-tarif-royalti-dan-dasar-penetapannya
Hidayat, K. (2025). Problematika Transparansi dan Efektivitas Lembaga Manajemen Kolektif Nasional (LMKN) Dalam Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Musik dan Lagu di Indonesia. Https://Lp2kifhuh.Org/.https://lp2kifhuh.org/2025/09/01/problematika-transparansi-dan-efektivitas-lembaga-manajemen-kolektif-nasional-lmkn-dalam-pengelolaan-royalti-hak-cipta-musik-dan-lagu-di-indonesia/
Putu Ayu Pratama Sugiyo. (2025). Polemik Royalti, Pakar Sentil Kinerja hingga Transparansi LMKN. Beritasatu.Com. https://www.beritasatu.com/lifestyle/2917666/polemik-royalti-pakar-sentil-kinerja-hingga-transparansi-lmkn
Ryanthie, S. (2025). LMKN Sebut Jumlah Pelaku Usaha yang Bayar Royalti Musik Minim: Kesadaran Masih Rendah. Www.Tempo.Co. https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/lmkn-sebut-jumlah-pelaku-usaha-yang-bayar-royalti-musik-minim-kesadaran-masih-rendah-2056669
Setiawan, A. (2025). Konflik Royalti ”Performing Rights” dan Polarisasi Musisi. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/konflik-royalti-performing-rights-dan-polarisasi-musisi
Regulation:
Government of Australia. (2017). Copyright Regulations 2017 (Cth).
Government of the Republic of Indonesia. (2014). Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright.
Government of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Government Regulation No. 56 of 2021 on the Management of Royalties for Songs and/or Music.
Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. (2025). Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 27 of 2025 on the Implementation and Supervision of the National Collective Management Institution (LMKN).
Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 9 of 2022 on the National Collective Management Institution (LMKN) (repealed).
Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 36 of 2018 on the Operation of the National Collective Management Institution (LMKN) (repealed).
National Collective Management Institution (LMKN). (2025). Circular Letter No. SE.06.LMKN.VIII-2025 on the Revocation of Royalty Collection Authority from Collective Management Organizations.
Parliament of Australia. (1968). Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
United States Congress. (2018). Music Modernization Act of 2018.
United States Department of Justice. (n.d.). Consent Decrees for ASCAP and BMI.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v12i3.48499
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 JURNAL AKTA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Akta has been indexed by:
Editorial Office: Jurnal Akta Room 2nd Floor Imam As Syafei Building Faculty of Law Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. Jln. Kaligawe KM. 4, Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. Phone +62 24 6583584 Fax +62 24 6582455
Email: jurnalakta@unissula.ac.id