Oropharyngeal Candida species in individuals living with HIV in Semarang: Distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns

Masfiyah Masfiyah, Rahayu Rahayu, Rochman Mujayanto

Abstract


Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida species, which is the most common fungal infection. The prevalence of this infection increases with the rise in immunocompromised cases, such as HIV/AIDS. This study aims to determine microbiological data on Candida species infection and colonization, including types and susceptibility testing to fluconazole and voriconazole. This research is descriptive in nature. The study population consisted of people living with HIV who were screened by taking saliva samples, which showed the growth of Candida species. Identification of Candida species was performed using Gram staining, germ tube tests, and color identification in Hicrome Candida agar medium. Susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method for fluconazole and voriconazole. The diameter of the inhibition zone of Candida was measured and compared with CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) standards. A total of 91 Candida species isolates were found. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species (75%), followed by Candida tropicalis (11%), Candida krusei (10%), and Candida glabrata (4%). The sensitivity of Candida albicans to fluconazole and voriconazole was 98.5%, while Candida tropicalis showed 100% sensitivity. Candida albicans remains the most prevalent isolate and is still sensitive to fluconazole and voriconazole.


Keywords


Susceptibility testing; Candida sp; fluconazole; voriconazole

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aboualigalehdari, E., Birgani, M., Fatahinia, M. (2020). Oral Clonization by Candida species and associated factors in HIV-infected patients in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. 42. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020033

Bellmann, R., & Smuszkiewicz, P. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection, 45(6), 737–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1042-z

Chen, H., Zhou, X., Ren, B., & Cheng, L. (2020). The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. Virulence, 11(1), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2020.1748930

Erfaninejad, M.,Mahmoudabadi,Ali., Hashemzadeh,M. (2024). Characteristics of Candida albicans. Characteristics of Candida albicans derived from HIV-Positive Individuals with Oral Candidiasis : Genotyping, Phenotypic Variation, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.25103

Golestannejad, Z., Khozeimeh, F., Dehghan, P., Najafizade, N., Faghihian, E., Kheirkhah, M., Sadeghalbanaei, L., Jamshidi, M., & Chermahini, A. (2022). Comparison of the antifungal effect of voriconazole and fluconazole on oral candidiasis before and during radiotherapy. Dental Research Journal, 19(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.361359

Gómez-López, A. (2020). Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: focus on drugs without a clear recommendation. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(11), 1481–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.037

Hellstein, J. W., & Marek, C. L. (2019). Candidiasis: Red and White Manifestations in the Oral Cavity. Head and Neck Pathology, 13(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-019-01004-6

Jørgensen, K. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Dalbøge, C. S., & Johansen, H. K. (2014). Voriconazole versus amphotericin B or fluconazole in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004707.pub3

Khanina, A., Tio, S. Y., Ananda-Rajah, M. R., Kidd, S. E., Williams, E., Chee, L., Urbancic, K., & Thursky, K. A. (2021). Consensus guidelines for antifungal stewardship, surveillance and infection prevention, 2021. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(S7), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15586

Keyvanfar, A., Najafiarab, H., Talebian, N. (2024). Drug-resistant oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection; a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC infectious Diseases, 24:546. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09442-6

Lass-Flörl, C., & Steixner, S. (2023). The changing epidemiology of fungal infections. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 94(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2023.101215

Lopes, J. P., & Lionakis, M. S. (2022). Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Virulence, 13(1), 89–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.2019950

Partha, A. D. S. L., Widodo, A. D. W., & Endraswari, P. D. (2022). Evaluation of fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole activity on Candida albicans: A case control study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 84(6), 104882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104882

Thomas-Rüddel, D. O., Schlattmann, P., Pletz, M., Kurzai, O., & Bloos, F. (2022). Risk Factors for Invasive Candida Infection in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chest, 161(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.081

Trevijano-Contador, N., Torres-Cano, A., Carballo-González, C., Puig-Asensio, M., Martín-Gómez, M. T., Jiménez-Martínez, E., Romero, D., Nuvials, F. X., Olmos-Arenas, R., Moretó-Castellsagué, M. C., Fernández-Delgado, L., Rodríguez-Sevilla, G., Aguilar-Sánchez, M. M., Ayats-Ardite, J., Ardanuy-Tisaire, C., Sanchez-Romero, I., Muñoz-Algarra, M., Merino-Amador, P., González-Romo, F., … Zaragoza, O. (2022). Global Emergence of Resistance to Fluconazole and Voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in Tertiary Hospitals in Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac605

Vila, T., Sultan, A. S., Montelongo-Jauregui, D., & Jabra-Rizk, M. A. (2020). Oral candidiasis: A disease of opportunity. Journal of Fungi, 6(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015

Vinayagamoorthy, K., Pentapati, K. C., & Prakash, H. (2022). Prevalence, risk factors, treatment and outcome of multidrug resistance Candida auris infections in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients: A systematic review. Mycoses, 65(6), 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13447




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jamr.6.1.89-95

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Rahayu Rahayu, Masfiyah Masfiyah, Rochman Mujayanto

Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (JAMR) is published by Research and Community Service Department (LPPM) Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia.

Address: Jl. Kaligawe Raya Km. 4 Semarang, Indonesia.