Legal Force of Underhand Credit Agreements in Banking Practices
Abstrak
This research examines the legal force of private credit agreements used in banking practice, with particular attention to the relationship between creditor and debtor, the binding force of agreements, and evidentiary consequences when default occurs. The research uses an empirical juridical approach with descriptive analytical specifications. Primary data are obtained through interviews and examination of credit agreement documents and banking practices, while secondary data are derived from legislation, legal books, and relevant scientific journals. The analysis focuses on the requirements for a valid agreement under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code, the binding force under Article 1338, the cancellation mechanism under Article 1266, and the evidentiary force of private deeds under Articles 1874 and 1875. The study emphasizes that a private credit agreement is not legally weak simply because it is not an authentic deed. Once validly made, it binds the parties; however, its evidentiary position differs from an authentic deed, particularly when the signature or contents are disputed. The study also underlines the need to maintain a balanced legal position between creditor and debtor and to ensure that banking credit practices remain consistent with good faith, prudence, legal certainty, and protection of both parties.
Referensi
Journals:
Amaliya, L., Abas, M., & Akbar, M. G. G. (2022). Kekuatan hukum perjanjian utang piutang yang dibuat dalam bentuk akta di bawah tangan. Justisi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.36805/jjih.v7i1.2292
Hikmah. (2020). Pembuktian dengan alat bukti akta di bawah tangan dalam pemeriksaan perkara perdata di Pengadilan Negeri Semarang. Diponegoro Law Journal, 9(2).
Musyafah, A. A. (2019). Implikasi yuridis terhadap bank akibat penurunan status perjanjian kredit dari akta otentik menjadi akta di bawah tangan. Law, Development and Justice Review, 2(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.v2i1.5004
Nugraheni, D. P., & Utami, P. D. Y. (2023). Kekuatan hukum perjanjian kredit bawah tangan apabila terjadi wanprestasi. Kertha Negara: Journal Ilmu Hukum.
Rismadewi, A., & Utari, A. A. S. (2015). Kekuatan hukum dari sebuah akta di bawah tangan. Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum, 3(3).
Tampanguma, C. I. (2021). Kekuatan hukum pembuktian dalam perjanjian akta di bawah tangan. Lex Privatum, 9(11).
Utami, R. F. G., & Zanibar, Z. (2017). Akibat hukum perpanjangan perjanjian kredit ritel bank di bawah tangan yang melanggar peraturan internal bank. Repertorium: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Kenotariatan, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.28946/rpt.v6i2.302
Books:
Badrulzaman, M. D. (1991). Perjanjian kredit bank. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Hermansyah. (2008). Hukum perbankan nasional Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana.
Setiawan, R. (1999). Pokok-pokok hukum perikatan. Bandung: Putra Bardin.
Sjahdeini, S. R. (1993). Kebebasan berkontrak dan perlindungan yang seimbang bagi para pihak dalam perjanjian kredit bank di Indonesia. Jakarta: Institut Bankir Indonesia.
Subekti, R. (2005). Hukum perjanjian. Jakarta: Intermasa.
Regulation:
Republic of Indonesia. (1998). Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Amendments to Law Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking.
Civil Code (KUHPerdata).
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