Inhibitory effects of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum l.) leaves ethanolic extract on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes

Authors

  • Leonny Dwi Rizkita Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
  • Rizka Ariani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
  • Muhammad Farid Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
  • Ardestya Rastrani Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
  • Widya Aryana Ramadhania Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
  • Ratna Aprillia Eka Putri Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta image/svg+xml
Published 2024-12-30
Issue Vol. 15 No. 2 (2024): December 2024
Section Original Research Articles
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30659/sainsmed.v15i2.40155
Keywords: Growth inhibition, MRSA, Nephelium lappaecum l, Rambutan’s leaves, Streptococcus pyogenes

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance poses a global health threat, with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes contributing to the highest mortality rates among Gram-positive pathogens over the last three decades. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has increasingly concentrated on natural products. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), a widely used ethnomedicinal plant in Indonesia, is recognized for its numerous health benefits, including its antimicrobial properties. Despite extensive phytochemical studies on various parts of rambutan, the specific inhibitory effects of its leaf extract against MRSA and S. pyogenes have yet to be explored. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic rambutan leaf extract against MRSA and S. pyogenes. The extract was prepared using maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of flavonoids (blackish-blue reaction with FeCl3) and tannins (reddish hue with HCl). Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring inhibition zones on agar plates and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through UV-vis spectrophotometry. The 100% ethanolic extract demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, with a mean inhibition zone of 14.6 mm against MRSA, outperforming the 5% (p = 0.0004) and 10% (p = 0.0402) concentrations. For S. pyogenes, the 100% extract produced the largest inhibition zone (24 mm), showing superior activity compared to the 5% (p = 0.0005) and 10% (p = 0.0485) concentrations. MIC analysis indicated optimal antimicrobial activity at both 50% and 100% concentrations for the two pathogens. These findings underscore the potential of rambutan leaf extract as a natural antimicrobial agent against resistant Gram-positive bacteria, warranting further investigation into its bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action.

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Author Biographies

  • Leonny Dwi Rizkita, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta

    Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  • Rizka Ariani, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta
    Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Farid, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta
    Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Ardestya Rastrani, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta
    Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Widya Aryana Ramadhania, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta
    Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Ratna Aprillia Eka Putri, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta
    Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Sepcial Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

License

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© 2024 Author(s). Published by Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Rizkita, L. D., Ariani, R., Farid, M., Rastrani, A., Ramadhania, W. A., & Putri, R. A. E. (2024). Inhibitory effects of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum l.) leaves ethanolic extract on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes. Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 15(2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.30659/sainsmed.v15i2.40155

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