Effectiveness of combined low-impact aerobic exercise and hatha yoga on blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with hypertension
Abstract
Nonpharmacological therapies are increasingly used to complement pharmacological treatment for hypertension by improving blood pressure and pulse rate. This study examined the effectiveness of combining low-impact aerobic exercise with Hatha yoga on blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with hypertension. A quasi-experimental pre–post test control-group design was used with 78 hypertensive patients recruited by purposive sampling and equally assigned to intervention and control groups (n = 39 each). The intervention group performed combined low-impact aerobic exercise and Hatha yoga twice weekly for four weeks. Each 70-minute session comprised 40 minutes of exercise, 10 minutes of rest, and 20 minutes of cool-down. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analysed using paired t-tests. Thirty-seven participants in each group completed the study. The intervention produced significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate (p < 0.001). In the intervention group, mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 147.78 ± 6.01 to 131.08 ± 6.58 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure from 95.08 ± 2.28 to 80.81 ± 6.03 mmHg, and pulse rate from 87.62 ± 5.57 to 79.49 ± 5.30 bpm. Combining low-impact aerobic exercise with Hatha yoga effectively reduces blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with hypertension and may serve as a supportive therapy alongside pharmacological treatment.
Downloads
License
© 2025 Author(s). Published by Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Andari, F. N., Vioneery, D., Panzilion, P., Nurhayati, N., & Padila, P. (2020). Penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia dengan senam ergonomis. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 2(1): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v2i1.859
Andri, J., Padila, P., Sartika, A. Andrianto, M.B, & Harsismanto, J. (2021). Changes in blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Jounal of Nursing and Health, 1(2): 54–64. https://doi.org/10.31539/josing.v1i2.2326
Burnier, M., & Egan, B. M. (2019). Adherence in hypertension: a review of prevalence, risk factors, impact, and management. Circulation Research, 124(7): 1124–1140. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313220
De, A., Mondal, S., & Deepeshwar, S. (2019). Single bout of yoga practices (Asana) effect on low frequency (LF) of heart rate variability–A pilot study. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 9(4): 160-163. http://www.ijmedph.org/v9/i4
Dimeo, F., Pagonas, N., Seibert, F., Arndt, R., Zidek, W., & Westhoff, T. H. (2012). Aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure in resistant hypertension. Hypertension, 60(3): 653-658. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197780
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan. (2018). Data Hipertensi. Dinkes kalteng.
Dysart, A., & Harden, S. M. (2023). Effects of temperature and tempo: evaluating how much time in a typical community-based yoga class is moderate-intensity aerobic activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032349
Hanisaningrum, H. (2020). Pengaruh senam aerobik low impact terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pada lansia penderita hipertensi di Posyandu Lansia Jati Asih Kecamatan Geger Kabupaten Madiun. Stikes Bhakti Husada Mulia Madiun.
Harris, R. (2021). Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation model. Nursing Theorists and Their Work E-Book, 247.
Irawan, R. J., & Anggarani, M. A. (2019). The effectiveness of 8 weeks low impact aerobics and yoga combination program on body fat percentage among obese female. KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 14(3), 426–431. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/kemas/article/view/13780/9216
Islam, F. M. A., Islam, M. A., Hosen, M. A., Lambert, E. A., Maddison, R., Lambert, G. W., & Thompson, B. R. (2023). Associations of physical activity levels, and attitudes towards physical activity with blood pressure among adults with high blood pressure in Bangladesh. Plos One, 18(2): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280879
Kemenkes RI. (2019). Hasil Riskesdas 2018. Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementrian Kesehatan.
Khandekar, J. S., Vasavi, V. L., Singh, V. P., Samuel, S. R., Sudhan, S. G., & Khandelwal, B. (2021). Effect of yoga on blood pressure in prehypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Scientific World Journal, 2021: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4039364
Lee, H.-Y., Shin, J., Kim, G.-H., Park, S., Ihm, S.-H., Kim, H. C., Kim, K., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. H., & Park, J.-M. (2019). 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension: Part II-diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Clinical Hypertension, 25(20): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-019-0124-x
Li, Y., Cao, Y., Ding, M., Li, G., Han, X., Zhou, S., Wuyang, H., Luo, X., Zhang, J., & Jiang, J. (2022). Non-pharmacological interventions for older patients with hypertension: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Geriatric Nursing, 47: 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.06.015
Mahmood, S., Shah, K. U., Khan, T. M., Nawaz, S., Rashid, H., Baqar, S. W. A., & Kamran, S. (2019). Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: In the light of current research. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 188: 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-018-1889-8
Mpuuga, D., & Eshete, Z. S. (2022). Uncovered silent killers: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases and health insurance coverage in Uganda. African Journal of Economic Review, 10(1): 95–116. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.320562
Mulia, E. P. B., & Prajitno, S. (2020). Neglected cases of hypertension in rural Indonesia: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors on adult population. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 441(1):1-11. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012167
Poulter, N. R., Borghi, C., Parati, G., Pathak, A., Toli, D., Williams, B., & Schmieder, R. E. (2020). Medication adherence in hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 38(4): 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000002294
Rohmah, R. A., Puspita, T., & Rahmasari, I. (2019). Effect of aerobic (low-impact) exercise on blood pressure in hypertension patients. 1st International Conference of Health, Science & Technology (ICOHETECH) 2019, 22-24. https://doi.org/10.47701/icohetech.v1i1.751
Susanti, S., Ramadhani, N. N., & Puspitasari, P. (2022). Efforts to stabilise blood pressure in hypertensive patients with management of hypertension therapy gymnastics training. Journal of Health Community Service, 2(2): 71-75. https://doi.org/10.33086/jhcs.v2i2.2963
Tamba, D., Dharmajaya, R., & Sitohang, N. A. (2021). The effect of hatha yoga therapy on the blood pressure of primary hypertension patients of productive age. Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jks.2021.16.1.1543
Verma, S., Hatwal, J., & Batta, A. (2024). Impact of yoga beyond physical training on the cardiovascular system: An updated review. The Journal of Tehran Heart Center, 19(2): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v19i2.16195
Villafuerte, F. U., Cànaves, J. L., Montalvo, P. L., Sancho, M. L. M., Oliver, B. O., Flores, P. B., Mantolan, A. E., Bordoy, J. P., Ruiz, T. R., & Hernández, A. R. (2020). Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention, consisting of self-management of antihypertensive medication, self-measurement of blood pressure, hypocaloric and low-sodium diet, and physical exercise, in patients with uncontrolled hypertension taking 2 or more antihypertensive drugs: The MEDICHY study. Medicine, 99(17): 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019769
Wen, H., & Wang, L. (2017). Reducing the effect of aerobic exercise on the blood pressure of essential hypertensive patients. Medicine (United States), 96(11): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006150
Yasa, I. D. G. D., Azis, A., & Widastra, I. M. (2017). Penerapan Hatha Yoga dapat menurunkan tekanan darah pada lansia dengan hipertensi. Community of Publishing in Nursing, 5, 19–25.
Yuniartika, W., Sudaryanto, A., Muhlisin, A., Hudiyawati, D., & Pribadi, D. R. A. (2021). Effects of yoga therapy and walking therapy in reducing blood sugar levels on diabetes mellitus patients in the community. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(E): 906–912. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7104
