Legal Analysis of Criminal Liability for Class I Narcotics Dealers Based on Legal Certainty

Abstract

This research is motivated by Indonesia's position as a country governed by the rule of law in enforcing narcotics crimes. Narcotics trafficking, as an extraordinary crime with organized networks, demands effective law enforcement, particularly against dealers. This study aims to analyze the criminal liability of Class I narcotics dealers, identify weaknesses, and formulate a legal certainty-based analysis. This research uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The research results show that criminal liability for Class I narcotics dealers remains repressive and poorly differentiated, focusing on the act without in-depth analysis of the perpetrator's culpability. Weaknesses include the unclear concept of dealer, weak evidence of guilt, and the dominance of formal approaches that have the potential to lead to overcriminalization and disparity in sentencing. Therefore, a system reconstruction that emphasizes clear norms, evidence of guilt, and consistent law enforcement is needed to achieve fair legal certainty.