Problems of Legal Construction of Hate Speech Crimes from the Perspective of Punishment Effectiveness
Abstract
The criminalization of hate speech in Indonesia provides a strong legal basis for authorities (formal effectiveness), but its substantive effectiveness remains low. The increase in hate speech cases on social media and verbally indicates that criminalization has not fully created a harmonious digital environment. This also has implications for the judicial burden on hate speech cases, which are still subject to alternative criminal resolution and do not necessarily result in imprisonment. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze (1) the form of national criminal instruments that accommodate the criminalization of hate speech, (2) the development of law enforcement against hate speech crimes, (3) the problems of criminalizing hate speech crimes in relation to the effectiveness of punishment. The approach method used in this research is normative juridical. The specifications of this research are analytical descriptive. The data source used is secondary data. Secondary data is data obtained from library research consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The research results and discussion can be concluded: (1) Indonesia has long accommodated the problem of hate speech, as evidenced by the inclusion of criminal instruments for hate speech in the Criminal Code, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE, Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, Law Number 40 of 2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, and Circular Letter of the Chief of Police Number SE/06/X/2015 concerning Hate Speech Amnesty International Indonesia recorded that 758 civilians were criminalized under the flexible articles of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) from January 2018 to July 2025. They were charged with hate speech and defamation articles recorded in 710 criminalization cases. Amnesty detailed that of the 758 civilians who were criminalized, 634 of them had been sentenced at the District Court level, while the rest were still undergoing legal proceedings both in court and during investigations.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/rlj.5.2.%25p
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