Analyzing Urban Morphological Polarization through Spatial Entropy in Pangkalpinang, an Archipelagic City

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30659/jpsa.v23i1.47993

Abstract

Background: Secondary cities play a strategic role within national spatial systems, but often face limitations in planning capacity and environmental carrying capacity. Pangkalpinang, the capital of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, represents an archipelagic city undergoing a rapid transition from an agrarian to a service-oriented economy. Its dispersed physical expansion over the past two decades has become increasingly challenging to manage due to the absence of a comprehensive spatial diagnosis. Methods: This study aims to diagnose spatial order and urban morphological polarization using the Shannon Entropy method, based on proximity to the city center (H’p) and road networks (H’j) across seven districts in 2000, 2010, and 2024. Results: The results indicate significant increases in entropy in Bukit Intan (H’p 0.334–0.532) and Gerunggang (H’p 0.348–0.461), suggesting decentralization along road networks. An increase in entropy in this context reflects a decline in spatial order, where land-use patterns become more dispersed and fragmented, signaling reduced planning control and a greater need for targeted growth-management interventions. Implications: The findings demonstrate that Shannon Entropy functions not only as a quantitative tool but also as an analytical approach for interpreting spatial transformation in archipelagic urban environments. Moreover, this study offers initial evidence to support policy formulation for growth control and the protection of productive land in archipelagic secondary cities.

 Keywords: Pangkalpinang City; Secondary Cities; Shannon Entropy; Urban Morphology; Spatial Polarization

 

 

Latar Belakang: Kota sekunder memegang peran strategis dalam sistem kewilayahan nasional, namun sering menghadapi keterbatasan kapasitas perencanaan dan daya dukung lingkungan. Pangkalpinang, ibu kota Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, merepresentasikan kota kepulauan yang mengalami transisi cepat dari sektor agraris menuju sektor jasa. Ekspansi fisik yang tersebar selama dua dekade terakhir semakin sulit dikendalikan karena belum adanya diagnosis spasial yang komprehensif. Metode: Penelitian ini bertujuan mendiagnosis keteraturan spasial dan polarisasi morfologi kota menggunakan metode Shannon Entropy, berdasarkan kedekatan dengan pusat kota (H’p) dan jaringan jalan (H’j) pada tujuh kecamatan pada tahun 2000, 2010, dan 2024. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan entropy signifikan pada Bukit Intan (H’p 0,334–0,532) dan Gerunggang (H’p 0,348–0,461), yang mengindikasikan desentralisasi mengikuti struktur jaringan jalan. Peningkatan entropy dalam konteks ini mencerminkan penurunan keteraturan spasial, di mana pola penggunaan lahan menjadi lebih tersebar dan terfragmentasi, menandakan melemahnya kendali perencanaan serta meningkatnya kebutuhan akan intervensi pengendalian pertumbuhan yang lebih terarah. Implikasi: Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa Shannon Entropy tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat kuantitatif, tetapi juga sebagai pendekatan analitis untuk memahami transformasi spasial di kota kepulauan. Selain itu, penelitian ini memberikan dasar awal bagi perumusan kebijakan pengendalian pertumbuhan dan perlindungan lahan produktif di kota sekunder berbasis kepulauan.

Kata kunci: Kota Sekunder; Kota Pangkalpinang; Shannon Entropy, Morfologi Kota, Polarisasi Spasial



References

Angel, S., Blei, A. M., Parent, J., Lamson-Hall, P., & Sánchez, N. G. (2021). The dynamics of global urban expansion. Progress in Planning, 157, 100543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100543

Barman, S., & Mandal, R. (2024). Assessment of urban growth in relation to urban sprawl: A Shannon’s entropy and landscape metrics approach. Habitat International, 145, 102941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102941

Boeing, G. (2022). Street network models and measures: A review and assessment. Journal of Transport Geography, 102, 103367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103367

Bozkurt, S. G., & Basaraner, M. (2024). Spatio-temporal investigation of urbanization and its impact on habitat fragmentation in natural ecosystems of Istanbul using Shannon’s entropy and landscape metrics. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26, 26879–26907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04410-7

Brigatti, E., Netto, V. M., de Sousa Filho, F. N. M., & Cacholas, C. (2023). Urban morphology and spatial culture: A comparative analysis using entropy and clustering models. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231176304

Chen, Y., & Huang, L. (2020). Entropy-based measures in urban systems: A methodological review. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 34(9), 1743–1768. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2019.1708864

Chen, Y., Xu, T., & Liu, X. (2021). Urban spatial dynamics are modeled through entropy change and spatial scaling laws. Cities, 115, 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103239

Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., & Huang, L. (2018). Spatial measures of urban systems. Land Use Policy, 77, 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.012

Firman, T., & Fahmi, F. Z. (2017). The privatization of Jakarta’s peri-urban fringe: Early stages of post-suburbanization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249010

Firman, T., & Fahmi, F. Z. (2021). Urban restructuring and changing spatial dynamics in Indonesian metropolitan regions. Cities, 115, 103250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103250

Grydehøj, A., Pinya, X. B., Cooke, G., Doratli, N., Elewa, A., Kelman, I., & Swaminathan, R. (2015). Returning from the horizon: Introducing urban island studies. Urban Island Studies, 1(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.20958/uis.2015.1

Hudalah, D., Octifanny, Y., Talitha, T., Firman, T., & Phelps, N. A. (2020). From metropolitanization to megaregionalization: Intentionality in Java’s North Coast urban restructuring. Journal of Planning Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20967405

Hudalah, D., Winarso, H., & Woltjer, J. (2016). Gentrifying the peri-urban fringe: Land-use conflicts in Indonesia. Urban Studies, 53(3), 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014557208

Jiang, Y., & Xu, M. (2022). Urban morphology and vibrancy: Spatiotemporal assessment using multisource data. Urban Studies, 59(12), 2483–2504. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211074337

Jiang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Liu, X. (2024). Evaluating the impact of urban morphology on urban vitality. Urban Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2327571

Katherina, L. K., & Indraprahasta, G. S. (2019). Urbanization pattern in Indonesia’s secondary cities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 338, 012018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/338/1/012018

Majid, M. R., Pampanga, D. G., Zaman, M., Ruslik, D., Medugu, I., & Amer, M. (2020). Urban livability indicators for secondary cities in ASEAN. Planning Malaysia, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i13.791

Majid, N., Rahman, S., & Omar, D. (2022). Governance and spatial resilience in Southeast Asian secondary cities. Cities, 128, 103814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103814

Obermayr, C. (2017). Sustainable City Management: Informal Settlements in Surakarta, Indonesia. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49418-0

Obermayr, C. (2020). Urban sustainability transitions in Southeast Asian secondary cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102332

Shao, Z., & Xiong, Y. (2023). Measuring spatial decentralization using entropy-based indicators. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 103, 101944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2023.101944

Sun, T., & Liu, L. (2024). Entropy-based classification of polycentric urban regions: A new analytical framework. Urban Geography. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2024.2301789

Suhartini, N., & Jones, P. (2020). Understanding self-organizing cities: Order and rules in informal settlements. Journal of Regional and City Planning, 31(3), 237–263. https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2020.31.3.2

Suwarlan, S. A., Lai, L. Y., & Said, I. (2022). Agricultural and coastal cities in Indonesia: Identifying parameters of urban sprawl. MODUL, 22(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.14710/mdl.22.2.2022.91-99

Yuan, Y., & Li, X. (2023). Quantifying road-network-driven decentralization in medium-sized cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 119, 103676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103676

Zhang, C., & Chen, J. (2023). Spatial morphology optimization in rural planning: An empirical study. Land, 12(4), 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/land120408841

Zhang, P., Li, X., & Sun, X. (2023). Spatial measures and methods for sustainable urban form: A systematic review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 240, 104296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104296

Downloads

Published

2026-04-21

Issue

Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026): April 2026

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).