Analysis of Challenges of Enforcing International Humanitarian Law in the Asymmetric War in Aleppo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30659/ldj.7.2.172-181Kata Kunci:
Aleppo, Asymmetric, Humanitarian, International, Warfare.Abstrak
This study aims to uncover the problems that arise in asymmetric warfare, which are different from the challenges in conventional warfare. The main focus of this study is the challenges of implementing International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in the context of asymmetric warfare, involving state and non-state actors. This study identifies the challenges in implementing IHL principles, such as the principles of distinction, proportionality, and humanity that are often violated. In addition, this study also highlights global political constraints, especially the veto power in the UN Security Council and the involvement of foreign countries, which hinder the enforcement of international law. The results of the study show that although the international legal framework has been established, its application in asymmetric warfare such as in Aleppo requires in-depth evaluation and strengthening of fairer and more independent accountability mechanisms.
Referensi
Journals:
Alwheebe, E. A. S. (2021). The Role of the International Criminal Court in the Implementation of the International Humanitarian Law: An Applied Study. Northern Border University.
Anggoro Prakoso, H. A., dkk. (2023). Pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Internasional atas Serangan Udara Koalisi Negara-Negara Arab dalam Konflik Bersenjata. Universitas Diponegoro. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/view/29874/25878
Heintschel von Heinegg, W. (n.d.). Asymmetric Warfare: How to Respond? International Law Studies, 87.
Kara Abnin, K., Anwar, A., & Rehatta, V. J. (2021). Pengaturan Prinsip Pembedaan dan Penerapannya dalam Konflik Armenia-Azerbaijan. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura.
Lubis, A. F., dkk. (2023). Peran dan Tantangan Implementasi Hukum Internasional tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Penanganan Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan.
Masa’I, F., dkk. (2020). Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Sampah Ruang Angkasa Menurut Hukum Internasional. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Papua.
Pfanner, T. (2005). Asymmetrical Warfare from the Perspective of Humanitarian Law and Humanitarian Actions. International Review of the Red Cross.
Schmitt, M. N. (n.d.). Asymmetrical Warfare and International Humanitarian Law. In International Humanitarian Law Facing New Challenges.
Tani, Q. C. F. (2019). Kajian Hukum Humaniter dan HAM Mengenai Pelanggaran terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Kemanusiaan Tawanan Perang. Universitas Sam Ratulangi.
Yance, K., & Tiri, E. (2024). Customary International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in Armed Conflicts. University Durres, Albania.
Books:
Abu, Y. (2010). Aspek-Aspek Penelitian Hukum: Hukum Islam. Pustaka Pelajar.
Bandarin, F. (2022). The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City.
Marzuki, P. M. (2007). Penelitian Hukum. Penerbit Kencana.
Melzer, N. (2019). Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Sebuah Pengantar Komprehensif. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). https://blogs.icrc.org/indonesia/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2021/08/4231_IDN_IHL-Comprehensive_Rev-3.pdf
International Criminal Court. (1998). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Articles 7–8.
Setiyono, J. (2020). Peradilan internasional atas kejahatan HAM berat (pp. 90–91). Pustaka Magister
United Nations. (2004). Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies.
United Nations. (n.d.). Convention on Cluster Munitions.
Website:
American Red Cross. (2011). Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Additional Protocols. https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/International_Services/International_Humanitarian_Law/IHL_SummaryGenevaConv.pdf
Annisa. (2023). Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Pengertian, Tujuan dan Prinsip. Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. https://fahum.umsu.ac.id/hukum-humaniter-internasional-pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip/
Ergun, D. (2018). External actors and VNSAs: An analysis of the United States, Russia, ISIS, and PYD/YPG. SETA Foundation
Human Rights Council. (2017). Human rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations in the Syrian Arab Republic, 21 July 2016–28 February 2017 (pp. 6–11).
Prakoso, H. A., dkk. (2023). Pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Internasional atas Serangan Udara Koalisi Negara-Negara Arab dalam Konflik Bersenjata. Universitas Diponegoro. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/view/29874/25878
Purwono. (n.d.). Studi Kepustakaan. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Renata Christa Auri. (n.d.). Pengertian, Asas, dan Prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional. HukumOnline.com. https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-humaniter-internasional-lt62e8ebdd0a7c4/
Saiful Anam. (2017). Pendekatan Perundang-Undangan (Statute Approach) Dalam Penelitian Hukum. Saiful Anam & Partners.
Wahyuni, W. (2022). Objek Penelitian Hukum Normatif untuk Tugas Akhir. HukumOnline.com. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/objek-penelitian-hukum-normatif-untuk-tugas-akhir-lt63a46376c6f72/
Wahyuni, W. (2023). Objek yang Tidak Boleh Diserang dalam Perang Berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. HukumOnline.com. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/objek-yang-tidak-boleh-diserang-dalam-perang-berdasarkan-hukum-humaniter-internasional-lt65364c1b0e1e1/
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2017, March). Aleppo aerial campaign deliberately targeted hospitals and humanitarian convoy amounting to war crimes, while armed groups’ indiscriminate shelling terrorised civilians – UN Commission. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2017/03/aleppo-aerial-campaign-deliberately-targeted-hospitals-and-humanitarian
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The journal holds the copyright for each article published with work licensed simultaneously under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the authorship and early publication of the work in this journal.
- Authors must agree to the copyright transfer agreement by checking the Copyright Notice column at the initial stage when submitting the article.
- The copyright of this document is owned by Journal Master of Law UNISSULA and is protected by law
