Analisis Pengaruh Kecepatan Penutupan Katup terhadap Ketahanan Infrastruktur Sistem Distribusi Air Perkotaan (Studi Kasus SPAM Sepaku)

Gavin A Sani, Moh Faiqun Niam, Hermin Poedjiastoeti

Abstract


ABSTRAK

 

Sistem penyediaan air minum perkotaan menghadapi tantangan dalam menjaga keandalan layanan dan ketahanan infrastruktur, terutama pada jaringan distribusi dengan perbedaan elevasi signifikan dan konfigurasi sistem yang kompleks. Salah satu risiko operasional utama adalah fenomena water hammer yang berpotensi merusak pipa dan mengganggu kontinuitas layanan air bersih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh kecepatan penutupan katup terhadap tekanan puncak water hammer serta implikasinya terhadap keandalan sistem distribusi air perkotaan. Studi kasus dilakukan pada Jaringan Distribusi Utama dan Pembagi Sub-WP 1B dan 1C SPAM Sepaku menggunakan pipa baja dan HDPE. Simulasi numerik dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Bentley OpenFlows HAMMER dengan Metode Karakteristik (MOC) untuk memodelkan perilaku hidraulik transien. Variasi waktu penutupan katup 30, 60, dan 120 detik dianalisis untuk mengevaluasi fluktuasi tekanan dan respons sistem. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penutupan katup yang lebih cepat meningkatkan tekanan puncak dan ketidakstabilan sistem. Pada skenario 30 detik, tekanan maksimum mencapai 17,0 bar dengan tekanan minimum -0,6 bar yang mengindikasikan risiko kavitasi tinggi. Skenario 120 detik menurunkan tekanan maksimum menjadi 13,8 bar dan menghasilkan profil tekanan yang lebih stabil. Waktu penutupan 60-120 detik direkomendasikan sebagai rentang operasional optimal untuk memitigasi risiko transien. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengendalian operasional penutupan katup tidak hanya merupakan persoalan teknis hidraulik, tetapi juga bagian strategis dalam meningkatkan ketahanan infrastruktur dan menjaga keberlanjutan layanan air perkotaan. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi praktis bagi perencanaan utilitas jangka panjang, manajemen infrastruktur, serta perumusan kebijakan operasional SPAM pada sistem distribusi berbasis gravitasi dengan perbedaan elevasi tinggi.

Kata kunci: water hammer, penutupan katup, ketahanan infrastruktur, layanan air perkotaan, manajemen SPAM.

 

ABSTRACT

 

Urban water supply systems face increasing challenges in maintaining service reliability and infrastructure resilience, particularly in areas with significant elevation differences and complex distribution networks. One critical operational risk is water hammer, which can threaten pipe integrity and disrupt urban water services. This study evaluates the effect of valve closure speed on peak water hammer pressure and its implications for the reliability of urban water distribution infrastructure. The case study focuses on the Main and Sub-Distribution Networks (Sub-WP 1B and 1C) of the Sepaku Water Supply System (SPAM Sepaku), utilizing steel and HDPE pipelines. Numerical simulations were conducted using Bentley OpenFlows HAMMER with the Method of Characteristics (MOC) to model transient hydraulic behavior. Valve closure durations of 30, 60, and 120 seconds were analyzed to assess pressure fluctuations and system response. The results show that faster valve closures significantly increase peak pressure and system instability. In the 30-second scenario, peak pressure reached 17.0 bar with a minimum pressure of –0.6 bar, indicating high cavitation risk. In contrast, the 120-second scenario reduced peak pressure to 13.8 bar and improved pressure stability. A closure duration of 60–120 seconds is identified as the optimal operational range to mitigate transient risks. These findings demonstrate that operational control of valve closure is not only a hydraulic issue but also a strategic component in enhancing infrastructure resilience and ensuring sustainable urban water service delivery. The study provides practical implications for long-term utility planning, infrastructure management, and policy formulation in SPAM operation, particularly in systems with high elevation gradients and gravity-based distribution.

Keywords: water hammer, valve closure, infrastructure resilience, urban water service, SPAM management.


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jkr.v6i1.50496

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