Exploring EFL students' difficulties in mastering vocabulary

Abstract

Although English has been taught in schools for over a decade, many EFL students still struggle with the language. A major reason is their limited vocabulary, which can be a barrier in the workplace, especially when interacting with foreigners. Ineffective teaching methods also contribute to this issue. This study aims to trace the root of the problems that hinder vocabulary development and to identify the factors affecting students’ vocabulary mastery. A qualitative approach was used, involving five EFL students in Indonesia and data were analysed thematically. The findings of this study revealed that EFL students faced major vocabulary difficulties, particularly in memory retention, distinguishing word forms, and dealing with pronunciation and spelling differences. Internal barriers such as low confidence, lack of motivation, and anxiety further hindered their progress, while external barriers included limited exposure and unsupportive environments. Despite these difficulties, students applied various strategies such as note-taking, repetition, contextual practice, and the use of digital media, supported as well by teachers, peers, and family. This study suggests that teachers should integrate innovative and technology-based approaches with traditional methods, while also fostering supportive and low-anxiety classroom environments. Future research is recommended to involve larger samples and explore digital innovations that can enhance vocabulary retention and learners’ confidence.