ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE AS THE BASIS FOR THE CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT OF CORPORATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
Abstract
Corporate criminal liability for environmental crime still carries an unresolved conceptual problem. Criminal law tends to build fault from the acts of individual persons, while ecological damage often forms through institutional decisions, patterns of control, and corporate risk management. This article examines whether ecological justice can serve as the basis for the criminal punishment of corporations in environmental crime in Indonesia. The study focuses on the weakness of an overly formalistic approach to corporate punishment and on formulating a theoretical model that places environmental restoration at its center. The research uses the normative legal method, drawing on statutory, conceptual, limited case, and systematic library approaches to the literature on ecological justice, green criminology, corporate criminal liability, strict liability, and corporate culture. The article finds that punishing environmental corporations is inadequate when it rests only on fines and general deterrence. Ecological harm is collective, cumulative, transboundary, and intergenerational, so the measure of criminal justice must account for the distribution of ecological burdens, the participation of affected residents, the correction of damage, proof of organizational fault, and governance oversight after the verdict. The novelty of the article lies in integrating the theory of ecological justice with the theory of organizational fault in the criminal punishment of environmental corporations. The article proposes a five-pillar model: distributive justice, procedural justice, corrective-restorative justice, organizational fault, and post-verdict ecological governance. It concludes that ecological justice can reconstruct corporate punishment into a corrective, restorative, and transformative instrument that prevents recurring damage and strengthens the protection of society and the environment.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v13i2.53492
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