A Legal Framework for a Low-Carbon Healthcare Sector in Indonesia
Abstract
Grounded in Article 28H of the Constitution and the Paris Agreement, Indonesia has established ambitious environmental and healthcare frameworks. However, a critical legal gap persists due to fragmented instruments that fail to constitute an integrated, binding legal architecture for regulating healthcare greenhouse gas emissions. This article addresses this void by examining the regulatory gaps hindering emission control and proposing an enforceable low-carbon legal design. Utilizing a normative juridical method, this study demonstrates that norm fragmentation rather than regulatory absence constitutes the primary impediment. Currently, energy conservation, hospital governance, medical waste, and climate policies operate disjointly, lacking mandatory measurement, reporting, verification, and reduction mechanisms. Consequently, this paper prescribes a stratified legal framework: national hospitals act as carbon accounting pilots, provincial hospitals serve as regional coordination hubs, and municipal hospitals implement minimum standards backed by fiscal and technical assistance. This tiered regulatory blueprint effectively transforms low-carbon healthcare into a measurable, enforceable, and constitutionally grounded obligation, offering profound implications for decarbonization in developing nations.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v13i2.51464
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