Systems and Political Development in Malaysia

Abstrak. Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia with an area of 329 758 km2 and a population in 2007 amounted to 27.17 million. Of the total population in 2007, 60% are ethnic Malay “Bumiputera”, 26% ethnic Chinese, 8% Indians, 5% other ethnic Bumiputera, and 1% other ethnic groups such as Arabic, Sinhalese, Eurasian and Europe. 3 Under the constitution, Malays are Malaysian citizens who practice a traditional Malay, Melayu Language, and Muslim. Approximately 25% of the Malaysian population is Chinese, and 7% is made up of India. Almost 85% of the races Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. More than half the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of non-Malay indigenous people. The entry of another race to some extent reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states. In addition, Malaysia also has a population that comes out of Europe and the Middle East. Malaysia's population density is not distributed evenly, with 17 million of the 25 million people living in Peninsula Malaysia.


Introduction
Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy that parliamentary democracies, and the prime minister and the prime minister elected by the people through elections that take place regularly every five years. YDPA currently the 12th since Malaysia's independence on August 31, 1957. At that time, Congress has no plans of social and economic ripe, otherwise just want to restore the rule of Melayu's kings and Malay rights as an indigenous people. It has also been stated that the agreement is not valid Michael is excluded because the officials wither and society. Through this Congress, has given birth to Malays National Organization (UMNO) on 11 May 1946, to maintain the interests of the Malays. Where Dato Onn Jaafar as the main leader and first. May 1946 was the largest protest of the Malays against England. Finally made constitutional changes that gave birth to the Federation of Malay Land in 1948 6 .

Malay Party (UMNO) Of 1946
The birth of UMNO is the result of the merging of Malay organizations with various schools of philosophy and opinion but agreed to take collective action to advance and fight invaders Malay people. People are united to form the Malay UMNO as a bulwark against the threat hah-rights of the Malays By Malayan Union in 1946. The establishment of UMNO on May 11, 1946, by Dato 'Onn bin Ja'far as the first leader who can be regarded as movement Malays in Malaya to prevent them from sinking under the political and economic developments were so swift and favorable other clans are more advanced. The first is the UMNO struggle against the Malayan Union. Through the newspapers and for the expected voice Malay people can be known by the Malayan Union. UMNO leaders managed to persuade the Sultan of Malay to not attend the appointment ceremony of the Governor of the Malayan Union, namely Edward Gent, here clearly shows the lack indigenous people against the Malayan Union.

Malaysia Islamic Party (PAS) 1951
The emergence of PAS in the political history of land Malaysia started since August 23, 1951 when the scholars who met in Kuala Lumpur agreed to establish a union called the Union of Malaysian Ulama. This unity name was later changed to the Union of Islamic Malaysia (PAS) 24 November 1951, at a conference of scholars Malaya. That bit of the early history of PAS established by scholars who later evolved into a political-propaganda organization are important in Malaya country. The emergence of PAS is linked from the influences that occur in some of the early Islamic movements like the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Masjumi in Indonesia and the Jamaat Islami in Pakistan. All three of these influences have entered Tanah Melayu through the scholars who studied in Egypt, Mecca, India and Indonesia 7 . Consciousness beginning to appear are the scholars or Muslims require an organization or agency 8

Democratic Action Party (DAP) 1965
The party was officially registered six months later on March 18, 1966 as a social democratic party. DAP is more favored by the Chinese and received a small part of the India. DAP is controlled by the Chinese and is well received by the Chinese in the cities. DAP famous concept of "Malaysian Malaysia" (Malaysian for all the people of Malaysia). The party is committed to the struggle for a Malaysian Malaysia which is free, is democratic socialism, based on the principles of human rights, equality, social and economic justice, and democratic institutions based Parliament. Dap no winners among the major world powers influence whether Western or Eastern bloc block 9 .

Federated Malay Land 1948
The results of the consultation working committee comprising representatives of the government, sultans and UMNO succeeded in forming a new constitution, namely the

Singapore Split From Malaysia
In 1965, Singapore separated from the Federation of Malaysia. Declaration on the separation was made by YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the Malaysian Prime Minister in the "Dewan Rakyat". Measures separation of Singapore from Malaysia considered the best 9 Purcell, Victor, 1967, The Chinese in Tanah Melayu, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.8 10  because this is the only way out for the sake of unity and avoid a clash between residents of Malaysia and Singapore, and impending economic stability and to avoid political conflict between the Government of Malaysia which is controlled by the Alliance Party with the People's Action Party Singapore's ruling. This separation action performed after agreement is reached between the two sides. YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman also said that other causes of this separation because of the attitude half the political leaders of Singapore who championed the concept of 'Malaysian Malaysia', as well as denying the existence of institutions Malay Sultanate, against the rights privileges of the Malays and natives as well as the absence of the equation opinions in increasing and advancing the fundamentals of trade, taxation and industrial division. But the separation of Singapore from Malaysia was made with the understanding that Malaysia and Singapore would continue to cooperate in the fields of defense, business and trade 12 . One agreement has been drawn up and signed by both parties. In a separation agreement the two countries Malaysia was represented by YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Tun Abdul Razak, Dato 'Dr. Ismail b. Abdurrahman, Tan Siew Sin and Dato 'VT Sambanthan. While Singapore is represented by Eneik Lee Kuan Yew, Dr. Toh Chin Chye, Dr. Goh Keng Swee, Mr Sa Rajaratnam and Eneik Othman Wok. The separation of Singapore from Malaysia automatically make the citizens of Singapore will no longer be a citizen of Malaysia. consequently 2 Senators and 15 members of Parliament of Singapore is no longer a member of the Malaysian Parliament. In addition, all persons, including members of the armed forces, police, courts and others who used the staff of the Government of Malaysia, starting today they returned to staff the Government of Singapore. But the Malaysian government will continue to adhere to the treaties on water supplies that have been made between the Government of Singapore and the Kingdom of Johor. Although it has been split, the Malaysian Government still recognizes Singapore as an independent and sovereign state and will always work and befriend him.

Political Hegemony Malaysia
It is customary for the king or local government requires people to be loyal 13 to them. This means that the king can not be contradicted, or confronted because of what it considered an act against tradition. The result appears a doctrine that people are afraid and and always humble himself before the king. With this kind of power the king more easily expand its power in various fields such as business sector, etc. The political power that gives them opportunity to be involved in the economic sector and mastery in the economic sector as well strengthen their political position 14 . The king is not only demanded by the respect but they have used their position to reap the opportunities of wealth in the economic sector and other sectors. Try traditional elements applied in practice democracy in Malaysia. But there is no doubt that democracy is applied mixed with traditional background of these communities as well as handle customs and traditions religion becomes the main core. Unwittingly, the government has sought to gather strength and be in a safe position and successfully steered views of the community to accept their dominant position without any problems. Very clear political hegemony in the political system of government of Malaysia  1964,1974,1978,1982,1986,1995 and glories of Barisan Nasional fully supported by UMNO.
In the 1964 elections (elections 3rd) won the National ranks 74 of 104 parliament seats, or 85 percent in 1964. In the 1974 general election, BN got 87 percent is a huge win. Followed the elections in 1978 with the victory of BN as many as 130 seats of the 154 seats in the "Dewan Rakyat" that is less than the achievement of five seats in the elections of 1974. In the elections to the 6th (1982), BN got the win as many as 132 seats out of 154 seats in People's Council and is 85.7 percent of the seats, and is the second highest achievement since independence when. While in the general election while the 7th (1986) BN got the win 148 seats out of 177 seats in the House of the People (83.6%) there was a slight decrease of 2.4 percent compared to last choice. However, BN managed to retain its majority in parliament and seeks to maintain his grip on the post of prime minister and form a government. On election 9th 1995, BN retain a majority in parliament by winning 162 seats out of 192 seats in the "Dewan Rakyat", which is 84.4 per cent and an increase of 19.6 percent compared to the last election. Election 2004 is a general election to the 11th, BN achieve noise rise as much as 63.9. BN won 198 seats out of 219 seats in the assembly of the people. This is a great winning since the 1978 election. UMNO is seen by the Malays as a vehicle and container fate of the Malay struggle. In addition, the BN and UMNO as a milestone in the government have the political power in governing the country. The Malays were too dependent on UMNO to defend their fate. If they take the position of Malay political parties who were not involved in the government does not have political power domination.
Political power is what is the basic factor for the strength of UMNO. Many people are reluctant to leave UMNO's Malay party was not due to really fight for the fate of the Malays, but they look like a "gold mine" that promises luxury and power to them and struggled through BN parties without knowing the meaning of defeat. The position of hegemony BN win big in the elections (in 1964,1974,1978, 1982, 1986, 1995 and 2004) has ensured BN obtain the loyalty and support that is second to none of the people under their rule. The government does not forget to give the post to their loyal supporters with various forms of benefits such as positions in the government, the name and rank. Reversionary who oppose the Prime Minister or the government leaders will be labeled as mutineers, deserters, opposition, anti-government, traitors and various other negative degree.

Nationalist Party And Islam Malaysia
In the context of Malaysia, Malays and Islam are often seen as one component of which is very difficult to separate. When certain individuals belonging to ethnic Malays then directly be identified Muslim. In more extreme conditions, in addition to ethnic Malays who embraced Islam would say "Come in Malay" and will leave the identity of ethnic origin. This view was reinforced by the Federation Constitution that says, "Malay means someone who embraced Islam, Fluency speak Malay, according to Malay custom". In politics Malaysia, Malays and Islam, often paired together. He was used as the party's ideology. Not infrequently some people considered that it was wrong because generally there is a clear difference between the Malays and Islam. Malay ethnic and ethnic-based struggle branded as nationalism 17 .

Malaysia Economic Policy
After the racial riots of May 13, 1969, the controversial New Economic Policy was issued by the Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. Malaysia's new economic policy of maintaining the balance of ethno-politics, and developed a unique rule combining economic growth and political rule that favors Bumiputera (a group of ethnic Malays and indigenous people) and Malaysian citizens who embraced Islam. Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, Malaysia experienced rapid economic growth under the leadership of Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Malaysia's fourth prime minister. The period saw a shift from an economy based on agriculture into manufacturing and industry in the field of computers and consumer electronics. In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the Asian financial crisis. Opposition to some aspects of the system that was put down by the government. Opposition socialists and reformists to the party advocating the creation of an Islamic state. In 2003, Dr. Mahathir, the longest-serving prime minister in Malaysia, resigned and handed over the post to Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. The new government advocated a moderate view of Islamic state defined by Islam Hadhari. Malaysia is a simple income country, transformed from a country producing raw materials such as latex, lead ore and so on. In 1971, it became a multi-sectoral country through the New Economic Policy. Basically, the growth of Malaysia's export-dependent electronic materials such as computer chips and so forth. As a result, Malaysia feel great pressure during the economic crisis in 1998 and the slump in the information technology sector in 2001. KDNK in 2001 only increased by 0.3% due to a reduction of 11% in export numbers but large fiscal stimulus package has reduced the impact of Malaysia has a stable macroeconomic elements (where the inflation rate and the unemployment rate remained below 3%), foreign exchange deposits healthy, and low foreign debt. This enables Malaysia to not experience the same crisis as the Asian financial crisis in 1997. However, the long-term outlook seems less well due to the lack of change in the legal entity sector, especially sectors that deal with corporate debt is high and competitive. In addition to latex and oil palm which many in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are also rich in natural resources such as wood logs, petroleum and natural gas 18 .

Women in World Politics Malaysia
According Rashila and Saliha are at least five common factors that become obstacles for active participation of Malaysian women in politics. They classify these factors as societal discrimination against women's role in public life, time constraints caused by the demands of career and home, the arguments of cultural and religious states that the place of women is in the home, the structural constraints within each political party which does not allow women to go beyond a certain level of political career, as well as a lack of support resources, either in the form of organizational support, influence and funds. Contrary to common misconceptions, in fact there is an understanding of the concept of Islam that allows people to appreciate the possibilities towards "liberation of women" based on the content of the teachings of the religion. In many cases, religion has been to empower and enable women achieve and realize their potential and capabilities equal to men. The experience of women in Malaysia at the end of the turn of the last century proved this.

Malaysian Politics
In simple terms we can explain a little about Malaysia's political system, the country is a constitutional monarchy. Malaysia is headed by a king who was commonly known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agung elected by and from 9 sultan state-led Malaysian state sultan to serve for five years in rotation. This system is based on the Westminster because Malaysia is a former British Colony. More power is held by the executive branch than the legislative. Regular elections are held every five years 19 . Politics of Malaysia takes place in the framework of a federal representative democratic constitutional monarchy, in which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is head of state and the Prime Minister of Malaysia is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the federal government and the 13 state governments. Federal legislative power is vested in the federal parliament and the 13 state assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, though the executive maintains a certain level of influence in the appointment of judges to the courts 20 .